Table 3.
Effects of Alternate Day Fasting or Daily Calorie Restriction on Glucose, Insulin, Adipokines, and IGF-1
| Alternate day fasting | Daily calorie restriction | Control | P value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||||||
| Baseline | Wk 12 | Wk 24 | Baseline | Wk 12 | Wk 24 | Baseline | Wk 12 | Wk 24 | Diet | Time | Diet × time |
|
| Glucose (mg/mL) | 91.4 ± 2.4 | 90.5 ± 2.0 | 91.4 ± 1.5 | 91.7 ± 2.6 | 89.4 ± 1.8 | 96.9 ± 2.5 | 88.6 ± 1.8 | 88.4 ± 1.7 | 93.8 ± 2.4 | 0.63 | < 0.01a,b | 0.14 |
| Insulin (µIU/mL) | 17.6 ± 3.0 | 12.7 ± 1.6 | 10.2 ± 1.2 | 19.1 ± 3.3 | 11.9 ± 1.2 | 14.7 ± 2.1 | 15.9 ± 2.2 | 15.2 ± 1.9 | 16.5 ± 2.7 | 0.64 | < 0.05 | < 0.05c |
| HOMA-IR | 4.20 ± 0.81 | 2.81 ± 0.33 | 2.32 ± 0.29 | 4.43 ± 0.79 | 2.60 ± 0.26 | 3.64 ± 0.58 | 3.48 ± 0.49 | 3.32 ± 0.43 | 3.98 ± 0.76 | 0.70 | < 0.05 | < 0.05d |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 4321 ± 589 | 4567 ± 630 | 5285 ± 620 | 4051 ± 373 | 4575 ± 380 | 4730 ± 376 | 3684 ± 600 | 3521 ± 541 | 4228 ± 612 | 0.41 | < 0.05a,e | 0.66 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 66.2 ± 6.0 | 58.7 ± 8.5 | 54.6 ± 6.2 | 73.1 ± 10.2 | 45.8 ± 6.0 | 50.1 ± 7.0 | 53.3 ± 6.1 | 50.5 ± 7.1 | 63.0 ± 8.5 | 0.89 | < 0.01 | < 0.01c |
| Resistin (ng/mL) | 13.5 ± 1.9 | 9.1 ± 1.0 | 10.6 ± 0.9 | 13.7 ± 0.9 | 10.5 ± 1.0 | 11.8 ± 1.0 | 12.2 ± 1.2 | 10.7 ± 0.8 | 11.2 ± 1.0 | 0.77 | < 0.001f | 0.37 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 1.49 ± 0.15 | 1.68 ± 0.22 | 1.56 ± 0.11 | 1.83 ± 0.19 | 1.99 ± 0.21 | 1.96 ± 0.21 | 1.81 ± 0.19 | 1.51 ± 0.14 | 1.54 ± 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.91 | 0.08 |
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 84.1 ± 4.5 | 86.3 ± 4.9 | 87.3 ± 4.9 | 102.3 ± 7.6 | 107.3 ± 6.2 | 113.4 ± 10.4 | 101.5 ± 11.7 | 95.0 ± 10.0 | 87.5 ± 8.4 | 0.07 | 0.99 | 0.22 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.15 ± 0.31 | 2.75 ± 0.35 | 2.30 ± 0.29 | 2.12 ± 0.21 | 2.59 ± 0.30 | 2.48 ± 0.44 | 2.10 ± 0.25 | 2.31 ± 0.23 | 2.87 ± 0.37 | 0.99 | < 0.05e | 0.45 |
Data are presented as mean ± SEM. P values are provided from repeated-measures ANOVA.
a
Value at wk 24 greater than value at baseline.
b
Value at wk 24 greater than value at wk 12.
c
The ADF group and CR group experienced greater reductions over time compared to the control group, but similar reductions compared to each other.
d
The ADF group experienced a greater reduction over time compared to both the CR group and the control group.
e
Value at wk 12 greater than value at baseline.
f
Value at wk 24 lower than value at baseline, but greater than value at wk 12. Value at wk 12 also lower than value at baseline.