Table 1.

The primary and secondary outcomes of the 4 clinical trials.

Study	Primary objective	Secondary objective
iPEPa	Change of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)	Gastric conduit failure after esophagectomy; evaluation of postoperative in-hospital stay; quality of life questionnaire QoLQ-C30 with the esophagus-specific module Oesophageal-18
HELPb	Change of VO2peak	Change of NASc score at week 0 and week 8
EXDEPd	Change of score on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology clinician version 16 after 8 weeks compared with baseline; change of score on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology self-report version 16 after 8 weeks compared with baseline.	Change of VO2peak after 8 weeks compared with baseline; change of score on the short form-36 after 8 weeks compared with baseline.
COMMEDe	Changes of fecal and respiratory microbiome, fecal calprotectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and VO2peak	Changes of FEV1f; change of forced vital capacity; change of quality of life

^aiPEP: internet-based perioperative exercise program.

^bHELP: hepatic inflammation and physical performance in patients with NASH.

^cNAS: NAFLD activity score.

^dEXDEP: exercise for depression.

^eCOMMED: cystic fibrosis online mentoring for microbiome, exercise, and diet.

^fFEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second.