Table 1. Therapeutic measures for nutritional abnormalities and muscle dysfunction. Most of them act on both problems.

Healthy lifestyle

Avoid smoking and alcohol

Maintain good level of physical activity

Balance diet

Ensure healthy aging

Diet supplements (if healthier lifestyle is not enough)

Optimize the control of the underlying respiratory disease and its comorbidities

Bronchodilators, inhaled steroids or oxygen if necessary

Avoid Exacerbations and optimize their management: vaccines, antibiotics, enriched diet (+ supplements?) & early mobilization. Training?

Avoid systemic steroids if possible

Treat and monitorize comorbidities

Training (potentiates nutritional actions)

Exercise training, interval training, resistance training

Respiratory muscle training (if indicated)

Stimulated training (patients unable to collaborate)

Anabolic drugs (only selected cases)

Androgens, SARM

GH, GH secretagogues, growth factors

Other drugs

Antioxidants and anti-inflammatory (no clear effects)

Appetite enhancers (?)

Potentiators of muscle contraction (calcium sensitizers)

Rest (if there is a fatigue component): mechanical ventilation

SARM, selective androgen receptor modulators; GH, growth hormone.