Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure and hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis patients categorized according to the presence of acute kidney injury
| Characteristics |
HBV-DC |
HBV-ACLF |
P valuea | P valueb | ||
| DC-non-AKI (n = 104) | DC-AKI (n = 28) | ACLF-non-AKI (n = 209) | ACLF-AKI (n = 71) | |||
| Age (yr)1 | 51.4 ± 1.0 | 58.1 ± 2.2 | 44.2 ± 0.8 | 49.3 ± 1.3 | 0.002 | < 0.001 |
| Male (%)3 | 89 (85.6) | 17 (60.7) | 189 (90.4) | 65 (91.5) | 0.002 | < 0.001 |
| Cirrhosis (%)3 | 104 (100) | 28 (100) | 87 (41.6) | 34 (47.9) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Complications | ||||||
| Ascites (%)3 | 73 (70.2) | 27 (96.4) | 127 (60.8) | 58 (81.7) | 0.105 | < 0.001 |
| HE (%)3 | 6 (5.8) | 1 (3.6) | 13 (6.2) | 14 (19.7) | 0.06 | 0.006 |
| GI bleeding (%)3 | 8 (7.7) | 4 (14.3) | 2 (1) | 3 (4.2) | 0.097 | 0.001 |
| SBP (%)3 | 13 (12.5) | 17 (60.7) | 28 (13.4) | 41 (57.7) | 0.787 | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary infection (%)3 | 11 (10.6) | 8 (28.6) | 14 (6.7) | 23 (32.4) | 0.638 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes (%)3 | 10 (9.6) | 3 (10.7) | 17 (8.1) | 10 (14.1) | 1 | 0.492 |
| Hypertension (%)3 | 6 (5.7) | 4 (14.3) | 13 (6.2) | 8 (11.3) | 0.736 | < 0.212 |
| Clinical and laboratory data | ||||||
| ALT (U/L)2 | 40.5 (22-82) | 33.5 (21-59.5) | 134 (70.5-302) | 136 (60.5-253.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| AST (U/L)2 | 56 (39.3-88.7) | 61 (39.5-104) | 119 (78.5-207) | 146 (62-277.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| ALP (U/L)2 | 103 (82.3-137.8) | 97 (70.8-120) | 132 (110-162) | 129 (101.5-155) | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Serum bilirubin (mg/dL)2 | 2.8 (1.3-5.3) | 4.1 (1.7-8.0) | 17.5 (11.2-25) | 25.7 (18.4-34) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Serum albumin (g/L)2 | 31.3 (27.05-34.4) | 28.6 (24.1-33.7) | 31.8 (29.2-34.4) | 31.5 (28.7-34.6) | 0.023 | < 0.057 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL)2 | 0.78 (0.68-0.87) | 0.97 (0.81-1.23) | 0.68 (0.6-0.81) | 0.94 (0.74-1.26) | 0.665 | < 0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L)2 | 4.0 (3.3-5.2) | 12.8 (8.0-17.8) | 3.5 (2.8-4.3) | 11.2 (8.2-18) | 0.905 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)2 | 104 (92.8-115.1) | 45.9 (40-59.5) | 113.9 (102.8-124.7) | 42.7 (27.4-58.5) | 0.164 | < 0.001 |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L)2 | 138.5 (134.7-141) | 135.4 (133.2-138.4) | 137.3 (134.7-139.4) | 130 (126.4-133.9) | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L)2 | 4.0 (3.6-4.3) | 3.9 (3.4-4.3) | 4.1 (3.6-4.4) | 3.6 (3.1-4.5) | 0.487 | < 0.001 |
| INR2 | 1.45 (1.28-1.81) | 1.65 (1.48-2.14) | 1.89 (1.6-2.65) | 2.81 (1.98-3.86) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Leukocyte count (× 109/L)2 | 3.6 (2.5-5.0) | 4.1 (3.1-6.6) | 5.9 (4.4-8.4) | 10.0 (6.0-13.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| PLT (× 109/L)2 | 61.3 (45.3-104.8) | 67.5 (39.3-89.3) | 95.2 (64.5-140.5) | 79 (47-115.5) | 0.058 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L)2 | 114 (94.5-126) | 95.5 (75.75-112) | 123 (107.5-136) | 115 (100.5-131.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| MAP (mmHg)1 | 82.9 ± 1.1 | 75.9 ± 1.5 | 86.7 ± 0.7 | 76.7 ± 1.1 | 0.921 | < 0.001 |
| HBV-DNA (log10)2 | 4.5 (2.7-6.3) | 4.1 (2.8-6.1) | 5.4 (3.7-7.1) | 5.3 (3.5-7.2) | 0.043 | 0.013 |
| Child-Pugh score2 | 9 (7-11) | 11 (8-12) | 11 (9-12) | 12 (11-13) | 0.061 | < 0.001 |
| MELD score2 | 13 (8.1-16) | 19.7 (16.2-25.3) | 21.2 (19-25) | 34.5 (29.2-41.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Means ± SD, compared by Student’s t test or one-way ANOVA test;
Median (IQR), compared by Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test;
Number (percentage), compared by fisher's exact test or chi-square test;
DC-AKI group vs ACLF-AKI group;
Compared among all groups. SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Inter-quartile range; DC: Decompensated chirrhosis; ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure; AKI: Acute kidney injury; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; GI: Gastrointestinal; SBP: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; ALT: Alanine amino transaminases; AST: Aspartate transaminases; ALP: Alkaline phosphate; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; INR: International normalized ratio; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; MELD: Model of end-stage liver disease score.