. 2017 Aug 21;46(4):436–447. doi: 10.1177/1403494817726197

Table IV.

Logistic multilevel analysis on informal caregiving.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	OR	95%	CI	OR	95%	CI	OR	95%	CI	OR	95%	CI
Individual level
Intercept	0.48^**	0.41	0.56	0.48^**	0.40	0.57	0.48^**	0.40	0.58	0.48^**	0.41	0.56
Female	1.31^**	1.22	1.41	1.31^**	1.22	1.41	1.31^**	1.22	1.41	1.31^**	1.22	1.41
Age (ref = 50–59)
16–19	0.64^**	0.54	0.76	0.64^**	0.54	0.76	0.64^**	0.54	0.76	0.64^**	0.54	0.76
20–29	0.56^**	0.47	0.66	0.56^**	0.47	0.66	0.56^**	0.47	0.66	0.56^**	0.47	0.66
30–39	0.53^**	0.48	0.58	0.53^**	0.48	0.58	0.53^**	0.48	0.58	0.53^**	0.48	0.58
40–49	0.70^**	0.63	0.76	0.70^**	0.63	0.76	0.70^**	0.63	0.76	0.70^**	0.63	0.76
60–69	0.77^**	0.72	0.83	0.77^**	0.72	0.83	0.77^**	0.72	0.83	0.77^**	0.72	0.83
70–79	0.59^**	0.52	0.67	0.59^**	0.52	0.67	0.59^**	0.53	0.67	0.59^**	0.52	0.67
Partnership status (ref = married)
Cohabiting	0.91^*	0.83	1.00	0.91^*	0.83	1.00	0.91^*	0.83	1.00	0.91^*	0.83	1.00
Divorced	0.99	0.92	1.06	0.99	0.92	1.06	0.99	0.92	1.06	0.99	0.92	1.06
Widowed	0.76^**	0.68	0.85	0.76^**	0.68	0.85	0.76^**	0.68	0.85	0.76^**	0.68	0.85
Single	0.97	0.91	1.04	0.97	0.91	1.04	0.97	0.91	1.04	0.97	0.91	1.04
Children in household	1.02	0.94	1.11	1.02	0.94	1.11	1.02	0.94	1.11	1.02	0.94	1.11
Employment status (ref = full time)
Part time	1.06	0.96	1.17	1.07	0.97	1.17	1.07	0.97	1.18	1.06	0.96	1.17
Unemployed	1.12	0.98	1.29	1.12	0.98	1.29	1.12	0.98	1.29	1.12	0.98	1.29
Housework	1.49^**	1.30	1.70	1.49^**	1.31	1.70	1.49^**	1.31	1.70	1.49^**	1.30	1.70
Retired	1.02	0.93	1.12	1.02	0.93	1.12	1.02	0.93	1.12	1.02	0.93	1.12
Disabled	0.94	0.81	1.08	0.94	0.82	1.08	0.94	0.82	1.08	0.94	0.81	1.07
Other	1.06	0.93	1.20	1.06	0.93	1.20	1.06	0.93	1.20	1.06	0.93	1.20
Hampered in daily activities (ref = no)
To some extent	1.27^**	1.19	1.35	1.27^**	1.19	1.35	1.27^**	1.19	1.36	1.27^**	1.19	1.36
A lot	1.05	0.96	1.15	1.05	0.96	1.15	1.05	0.96	1.15	1.05	0.96	1.15
Education (ref = low)
Medium	1.18^**	1.11	1.26	1.18^**	1.11	1.26	1.18^**	1.11	1.26	1.18^**	1.11	1.26
High	1.17^**	1.07	1.27	1.17^**	1.07	1.27	1.17^**	1.07	1.27	1.17^**	1.07	1.27
Religious	1.14^**	1.05	1.23	1.13^**	1.05	1.22	1.13^**	1.05	1.22	1.14^**	1.05	1.23
Country level
Generous formal long-term care provisions (standard)	1.22^**	1.05	1.41							1.26^*	1.03	1.54
Family care norm (standard)				0.90	0.81	1.01				1.05	0.84	1.31
Need for care (standard)							0.99	0.85	1.15	1.00	0.90	1.12
	est	se		est	se		est	se		est	se
Variance country level	0.073	0.024		0.101	0.043		0.110	0.040		0.072	0.022

p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01.

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; est: estimate; se: standard error.

Source: European Social Survey, Round 7 (n = 32,894 respondents in n = 19 countries).