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. 2018 Jun 6;8:8670. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26834-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Rationale. Top: Leading-sound elevation (T₁, 100 ms duration) is determined after ~30 ms. The lagging sound, T₂, is delayed between 0–320 ms (here: 60 ms). Listeners localise T₁. Bottom: Hypothetical precedence effect in elevation (PE_EL) follows spectral-cue processing time, and weighted averaging of targets. After T₁ offset, the lagging sound could potentially dominate the percept (dashed). In contrast, azimuth (grey line) is determined within a millisecond, and precedence rules after a few ms (PE_AZ). Right: At 0 delay, targets average to a phantom percept at (T₁ + T₂)/2.