Table 2.
Factors that Interfere With Cortisol Secretion or Measurement
Category | Examples |
---|---|
Medication and | Herbal products, corticosteroids, sex |
substances | hormones, antidepressants, caffeine, lithium, methadone, phenytoin, nicotine |
Diagnoses | Cushing disease, Addison disease, depression, panic disorder, obesity, schizophrenia, personality disorders, stuttering, ADHD |
Lifestyle factors | Smoking, alcohol use, caffeine, exercise/activity level, perceived stress, recent food ingestion or tooth brushing |
Demographic characteristics | Gender, race, age, pubertal status |
Note. Adapted from Psychoneuroimmunology (2009), 34, 1423–1436, Adam & Kumari, Assessing salivary cortisol in large-scale, epidemiological research, and Applied Nursing Research (2006), 19, 95–101, Hanrahan et al., Strategies for salivary cortisol collection and analysis in research with children, with permissions from Elsevier.