Table 2.
An overview of cohort studies or randomized controlled trials regarding outcomes of PVT in cirrhotic patients who did not receive any antithrombotic treatment
| First author, year (region) | Type of study | Enrollment period | Target population | Follow-up duration | Degree of PVT | Location of PVT | No. Pts | Severity of liver cirrhosis | Proportion of HCC | No. spontaneous recanalization or improvement | No. thrombus progression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hidaka, 2018 [26] (Japan) | Multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, full-text | Oct 2014 – Mar 2016 | LC with PVT | 21 ± 3 days | > 50% of the cross-sectional lumen of the MPV, portal vein branches, SMV, or SV | MPV (n = 20) Portal vein branch (n = 11) SV (n = 0) SMV (n = 5) |
36 | Child-Pugh A/B/C: 6/24/6 |
6 (16.7%) | 7 (19.4%) | 7 (19.4%) |
| Chen, 2016 [27] (China) | Single-center, retrospective, controlled, full-text |
Jan 2002 – Jun 2014 | LC with PVT | Mean ± SD: 25.9 ± 23 months (for 36 patients) |
MPV (0–25%/26–50%/51–75%/76–100%): 8/2/6/20 LPV (0–50%/51–100%): 12/24 RPV (0–50%/51–100%): 11/25 SV (splenectomy/0–50%/51–100%): 20/11/5 SMV (0–50%/51–100%): 17/19 |
16 | Child-Pugh A/B/C: 8/21/2 Mean MELD score: 8.9 ± 3.01 (for 36 patients) |
0 (0%) | 4 (25%) | 6 (37.5%) | |
| Nery,a 2015 [6] (France) | Multi-center, prospective, single-arm, full-text | Jun 2000 – Mar 2006 | Child-Pugh A and B LC with de novo PVT | Mean ± SD: 65.2 ± 39.6 months |
Non-occlusive at the first diagnosis of PVT (n = 101); occlusive at the first diagnosis of PVT (n = 17) |
NA | 101b | All patients had Child-Pugh A or B | 0 (0%) (for baseline) | 70 (70%) 89c (89%) |
14 (13.8%) |
| Chung, 2014 [28] (Korea) | Single-center, retrospective, matched, controlled, full-text | 2003 – 2014 | LC with non-malignant partial PVT | NA | Partial (n = 14) | MPV (n = 9) RPV (n = 7) LPV (n = 4) SMV (n = 2) |
14 | Child-Pugh A/B/C: 7/6/1 |
8 (57.1%) | 5 (36%) | 3 (21.4%) |
| Girleanu, 2014 [7] (Romania) | Single-center, prospective, single-arm, full-text |
Jan 2011 – Oct 2013 | LC with non-malignant partial PVT | Mean ± SD (range): 20.22 ± 8.61 (4–31) months |
Partial | PV (n = 18) PV + SMV (n = 11) PV + SMV + SV (n = 1) |
22 | Child-Pugh A/B/C: 7/9/6 Mean MELD score: 12.73 ± 4.34 |
0 (0%) | 5 (22.73%) | 6 (27.27%) |
| Risso, 2014 [29] (Italy) | Single-center, retrospective, controlled, abstract |
2005 – 2011 | LC with pre-LT non-neoplastic PVT | NA | NA | NA | 20 | NA | NA | 8 (40%) | NA |
| John, 2013 [8] (USA) | Single-center, prospective, single-arm, full-text |
Jul 2004 – Jun 2009 | LC awaiting LT and PVT | > 6 months in all patients | Partial (n = 38); occlusive (n = 32) |
MPV, not SMV | 70 | Mean MELD score: 14.4 ± 5.0 (for 47 pts. with baseline PVT); 15.3 ± 6.7 (for 23 pts. with new PVT) |
0 (0%) | 22 (31.4%) | 3 (4.3%) |
| Maruyama, 2013 [9] (Japan) | Single-center, retrospective, single-arm, full-text |
Jan 1998 – May 2009 | LC with de novo PVT | Mean ± SD (range): 65.2 ± 39.6 (0.87–136.4) months |
Partial (n = 31); occlusive (n = 11) |
Intrahepatic PV (n = 8) MPV (n = 15) SV (n = 6) MPV + intrahepatic PV (n = 9) MPV + SV (n = 2) MPV + SV + intrahepatic PV (n = 2) |
42 | Child-Pugh A/B/C: 14/22/6 Median MELD score: 10.6 |
0 (0%) | 20 (47.6%) | 3 (7.2%) |
| Caracciolo, 2013 [30] (Italy) | Single-center, retrospective, matched, controlled, abstract | NA | LC with partial PVT | 6–12 months | Occlusion< 50% (n = 14) | NA | 14 | All patients had Child-Pugh A or B (no patient had Child-Pugh C) | 0 (0%) | 8 (57.6%) | NA |
| Luca, 2012 [10] (Italy) | Single-center, retrospective, single-arm, full-text | Jan 2004 – Dec 2009 | LC with non-malignant, extrahepatic, partial PVT | Mean: 27 months; 3–6 months (n = 8); 6–12 months (n = 8); 12–24 months (n = 9); > 24 months (n = 19) |
Occlusion: < 25% (n = 8) 25–50% (n = 11) 50–75% (n = 14) 75–90% (n = 9) |
MPV (n = 15) MPV + SMV (n = 18) MPV + SMV + SV (n = 9) |
42 | Mean Child-Pugh score: 8.1 ± 1.9 Mean MELD score: 12.1 ± 2.9 |
0 (0%) | 19 (45%) | 20 (48%) |
| Senzolo, 2012 [31] (UK) | Single-center, prospective, controlled, full-text | Jan 2007 – Jan 2008 | LC with PVT | Mean: 22.53 months |
CTPV (n = 3) complete (n = 4) partial (n = 14) |
Intrahepatic PV (n = 5) MPV (n = 21) SMV (n = 4) SV (n = 1) |
21 | Child-Pugh A/B/C: 5/9/7 Mean MELD score: 13.7 ± 3.6 |
0 (0%) | 1 (5%) | 15 (71.4%) |
| Garcovich, 2011 [32] (Italy) | Single-center, retrospective, matched, controlled, abstract | NA | LC with PVT | NA | Occlusion> 75% (n = 3) | NA | 15 | All patients had Child-Pugh A or B (no patient had Child-Pugh C) | 0 (0%) | 5 (33%) | NA |
| Francoz, 2005 [33] (France) | Single-center, retrospective, controlled, full-text | Jan 1996 – Dec 2001 | LC awaiting LT and partial PVT | NA | Partial (n = 10) | MPV (n = 6) RPV (n = 4) LPV (n = 3) |
10 | Child-Pugh A/B/C: 2/6/2 Mean MELD score: 11.8 ± 6.2 |
2/38 (5.3%) (for 38 patients with SVT) |
0 (0%) | 6 (60%) |
| De Santis 2001 [34] (Italy) | Single-center, retrospective, single-arm, abstract | Jan 1996 – Dec 1999 | LC with PVT and without HCC | NA | NA | NA | 21 | NA | 0 (0%) | 7 (33%) | NA |
Abbreviations: CT computed tomography, CTPV cavernous transformation of the portal vein, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, LC liver cirrhosis, LPV left portal vein, LT liver transplantation, MELD Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, MPV main portal vein, NA not available, PV portal vein, PVT portal vein thrombosis, RPV right portal vein, SD standard deviation, SMV superior mesenteric vein, SV splenic vein, SVT splanchnic vein thrombosis
aSix patients with PVT received anticoagulation
bChange of PVT in 101 patients with non-occlusive PVT, rather than those with occlusive PVT, was reported in the text
cNumber of patients after adding 19 patients with PVT in whom thrombus spontaneously disappeared and then reappeared