Appendix Table 1.
Characteristics of U.S. Adults Aged ≥30 Years With Self-reported Diabetes, NHANES 2011–2012 (n = 569)
| Characteristic | Included Participants (n = 569) | Included Participants (n = 17.3 million) | Excluded Participants (n = 57) | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Mean (SD) | Number (Percentage) | WeightedMean (SD) | Percentage (95% CI) | Mean (SD) | Number (Percentage) | ||
| Age, y | 63.1 (11.6) | – | 61.0 (0.6) | – | 65.9 (12.0) | – | 0.09 |
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| Age group | |||||||
| 30–44 y | – | 45 (8) | – | 9 (6–13) | – | 3 (5) | – |
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| 45–64 y | – | 265 (56) | – | 48 (44–52) | – | 21 (37) | 0.14 |
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| 65–75 y | – | 153 (27) | – | 26 (21–31) | – | 15 (26) | – |
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| 75 y | – | 106 (19) | – | 17 (14–19) | – | 19 (32) | – |
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| Female | – | 265 (47) | – | 50 (45–55) | – | 34 (60) | 0.06 |
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| Black race | – | 199 (35) | – | 17 (8–25) | – | 25 (44) | 0.18 |
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| HbA1c level, % | 7.5 (1.8) | – | 7.4 (0.1) | – | 7.2 (1.6) | – | 0.71 |
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| Duration of diabetes, y | 10.4 (9.1) | – | 9.7 (0.4) | – | 14.2 (10.1) | – | 0.004 |
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| Duration of diabetes <10 y | – | 261 (46) | – | 44 (38–50) | – | 38 (67) | 0.003 |
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| Current smoker | – | 93 (16) | – | 17 (13–21) | – | 5 (9) | 0.18 |
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| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 31.9 (7.4) | – | 32.8 (0.5) | – | 32.0 (9.5) | – | 0.95 |
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| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, mmol/L | 2.6 (1.0) | – | 2.6 (0.1) | – | 4.0 (0) | – | 0.16 |
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| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, mmol/L | 1.2 (0.3) | – | 1.2 (0.02) | – | 1.6 (0.4) | – | 0.16 |
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| Hemoglobin level, g/dL | 13.5 (1.6) | – | 13.7 (0.01) | – | 12.9 (1.4) | – | 0.29 |
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| Leukocyte count, × 1000 cells/μL | 7.2 (2.0) | – | 7.5 (0.1) | – | 7.8 (2.1) | – | 0.34 |
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| Heart rate, beats/min | 73.1 (13.2) | – | 73.4 (1.0) | – | 70.9 (12.0) | – | 0.38 |
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| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 131.3 (18.9) | – | 129.9 (0.9) | – | 131.5 (23.8) | – | 0.97 |
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| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 78.6 (28.1) | – | 78.8 (1.1) | – | 88.5 (35.4) | – | 0.62 |
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| Albuminuria | – | 139 (24) | – | 19 (13–24) | – | 7 (12) | 0.047 |
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| History of diabetic complications | – | 225 (40) | – | 36 (30–42) | – | 26 (46) | 0.37 |
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| Macrovascular events | – | 157 (28) | – | 28 (23–33) | – | 22 (39) | 0.09 |
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| Microvascular events | – | 110 (19) | – | 14 (10–18) | – | 14 (25) | 0.35 |
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| High comorbidity* | – | 269 (47) | – | 42 (37–47) | – | 36 (63) | 0.02 |
| Medications | |||||||
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| Metformin | – | 275 (44) | – | 51 (42–60) | – | 18 (32) | 0.02 |
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| Sulfonylurea | – | 168 (29) | – | 33 (25–42) | – | 11 (19) | 0.26 |
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| Thiazolidinedione | – | 37 (6) | – | 7 (4–11) | – | 7 (12) | 0.10 |
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| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | – | 31 (5) | – | 7 (4–10) | – | 1 (2) | 0.23 |
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| Glucagon-like peptide-1–receptor agonist | – | 5 (1) | – | 0.4 (0–1) | – | 0 (0) | 0.48 |
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| Meglitinide | – | 7 (1) | – | 2 (0–4) | – | 1 (2) | 0.74 |
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| α-Glucosidase inhibitor | – | 5 (1) | – | 1 (0–2) | – | 0 (0) | 0.47 |
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| Insulin | |||||||
| Basal | – | 91 (16) | – | 18 (12–23) | – | 7 (12) | 0.74 |
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| Short-acting bolus | – | 14 (2) | – | 2 (0.3–3) | – | 2 (4) | 0.63 |
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| Medium-acting bolus | – | 66 (12) | – | 11 (8–13) | – | 8 (14) | 0.64 |
HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
*
Comorbidity status was calculated by using a weighted combined Charlson Comorbidity Index score based on the patient’s self-report of myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, liver disease, diabetes, and cancer (excluding skin cancer). A score <5 (vs. ≥5) indicated low (vs. high) comorbidity status (28).