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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 28.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2018 Jan 11;118(4):1599–1663. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00504

Figure 17.

Figure 17

Repeating RNA transcripts contribute to disease by multiple mechanisms. Repeating transcripts often fold into hairpins that display internal loops. The loops sequester RNA-binding proteins, causing disease via an RNA gain-of-function mechanism. Repeating transcripts can also undergo repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation, generating toxic proteins.