Table 1. Features of the strains of Sphingomonadales and their genomes used in this study.
| Serial no. | Species (strain) | Chromosome size (bp) [genome status] | G+C (mol%) | GenBank/RefSeq accession no. | crt ORFs identified | Group based on crt genotype | Colour of the strain | Carotenoids produced | Reference (for colour and/or carotenoid)* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sphingopyxis alaskensis (RB2256T) | 3345170 [complete] | 65.50 | CP000356 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow to beige | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[77] |
| 2 | Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida (EY-1) | 4757879 [complete] | 64.90 | CP012700 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Unknown | Unknown | None |
| 3 | Sphingopyxis fribergensis (Kp5.2T) | 4993584 [complete] | 63.90 | CP009122 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[78] |
| 4 | Sphingomonas sanxanigenens (DSM 19645T) | 6205897PGC[complete] | 66.80 | CP006644 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Colourless/white | Phytoene/noneP | [64] |
| 5 | Sphingorhabdus sp. (M41) | 3339521 [complete] | 56.70 | CP014545 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Colourless/white | Phytoene/noneP | Personal communication1 |
| 6 | Sphingopyxis sp. (113P3) | 4420776 [complete] | 64.00 | CP009452 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellowish brown | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[79] |
| 7 | Sphingopyxis terrae (NBRC 15098T) | 3979087 [complete] | 64.60 | CP013342 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Light or deep-yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[80] |
| 8 | Sphingobium sp. (SYK-6) | 4199332 [complete] | 65.60 | NC_015976 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
Personal communication2 |
| 9 | Sphingomonas hengshuiensis (WHSC-8T) | 5191536PGC [complete] | 66.70 | CP010836 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[65] |
| 10 | Sphingomonas sp. (Root241) | 4212322 [draft] | 66.00 | NZ_LMIV00000000 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Unknown | Unknown | None |
| 11 | Sphingomonas sp. (ATCC 31555) | 4046117 [draft] | 65.90 | NZ_ALBQ00000000 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G, W | II | Red | Canthaxanthin and othersP | [81] |
| 12 | Sphingomonas paucimobilis (NBRC 13935T) | 4327402 [draft] | 65.70 | NZ_BBJS00000000 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinC, caloxanthinP |
[82] |
| 13 | Sphingomonas astaxanthinifaciens (DSM 22298T) | 2533034PGC [draft] | 68.40 | NZ_JONN00000000 | E, B, I, Y, Z, W, X | III | Red | Astaxanthin and its derivativesC | [58] |
| 14 | Sphingobium chlorophenolicum (L-1) | 3080818 [chromosome 1, complete] | 63.90 | CP002798 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[83] |
| 15 | Sphingobium sp. (MI1205) | 3351250 [chromosome 1, complete] | 62.30 | CP005188 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Brownish–yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[84] |
| 16 | Sphingobium sp. (EP60837) | 2669660 [chromosome 1, complete] | 62.40 | CP015986 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Colourless/white | Phytoene/noneP | Personal communication3 |
| 17 | Sphingobium sp. (YBL2) | 4766421 [complete] | 64.80 | CP010954 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[85] |
| 18 | Novosphingobium aromaticivorans (DSM 12444T) | 3561584 [complete] | 65.20 | CP000248 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[86] |
| 19 | Citromicrobium sp. (JL477) | 3258499PGC [complete] | 65.00 | CP011344 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
Personal communication4 |
| 20 | Altererythrobacter dongtanensis (KCTC 22672T) | 3009495 [complete] | 65.80 | CP016591 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[87] |
| 21 | Altererythrobacter namhicola (JCM 16345T) | 2591679 [complete] | 65.00 | CP016545 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G, W | II | Orange | Canthaxanthin and othersP | [88] |
| 22 | Altererythrobacter epoxidivorans (CGMCC 1.7731T) | 2786256 [complete] | 61.50 | CP012669 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[89] |
| 23 | Altererythrobacter atlanticus (26DY36T) | 3386291 [complete] | 61.90 | CP011452 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[90] |
| 24 | Altererythrobacter ishigakiensis (NBRC 107699T) | 2673978 PGC[complete] | 56.90 | CP015963 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G, W | II | Orange–red | Canthaxanthin and othersC | [63] |
| 25 | Erythrobacter litoralis (HTCC2594) | 3052398 [complete] | 63.10 | CP000157 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G, W | II | Pink | Unknown | [91] |
| 26 | Erythrobacter atlanticus (s21-N3T) | 3012400 [complete] | 58.20 | CP011310 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow–brown | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[92] |
| 27 | Sphingobium yanoikuyae (ATCC 51230T) | 5500358 [draft)] | 64.40 | NZ_AGZU00000000 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Creamy white | Phytoene/noneP | [82] |
| 28 | Novosphingobium sp. (PP1Y) | 3911486 [complete] | 63.70 | FR856862 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[93] |
| 29 | Novosphingobium pentaromativorans (US6-1T) | 3979506 [complete] | 63.50 | CP009291 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[94] |
| 30 | Porphyrobacter neustonensis (DSM 9434T) | 3090363PGC[complete] | 65.30 | CP016033 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G, W | II | Orange | Canthaxanthin and othersP | [10] |
| 31 | Sphingomonas sp. (NIC1) | 3408545 [complete] | 67.40 | CP015521 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Unknown | Unknown | None |
| 32 | Sphingomonas melonis (TY) | 4100783 [draft] | 67.10 | NZ_LQCK00000000 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[95] |
| 33 | Altererythrobacter marensis (KCTC 22370T) | 2885033 [complete] | 64.70 | CP011805 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[96] |
| 34 | Croceicoccus naphthovorans (PQ-2T) | 3543806 [complete] | 62.60 | CP011770 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[97] |
| 35 | Sphingomonas taxi (ATCC 55669) | 3859099 [complete] | 68.00 | CP009571 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G, W | II | Yellow to orange | Canthaxanthin and othersP | [98] |
| 36 | Sphingomonas sp. (RIT328) | 4343511 [draft] | 68.30 | NZ_JFYV00000000 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G, W | II | Unknown | Unknown | None |
| 37 | Sphingobium japonicum (UT26S) | 3514822 [chromosome 1, complete] | 64.80 | NC_014006 | E, B, I, Y, Z, G | I | Yellow | NostoxanthinP, caloxanthinP |
[99] |
| 38 | Sphingomonas sp. (MM-1) | 4054833 [complete] | 67.20 | CP004036 | E, I, Y | IV | Colourless/white | None | Personal communication5 |
| 39 | Sphingobium baderi (DE-13) | 4107398 [complete] | 62.40 | CP013264 | E, I | IV | Colourless/white | None | [100] |
| 40 | Sphingomonas wittichii (RW1T) | 5382261 [complete] | 68.40 | CP000699 | E, Y | IV | Greyish-white (faintly yellow) | None | [101] |
| 41 | Sphingopyxis granuli (TFA) | 4679853 [complete] | 66.20 | CP012199 | E | IV | Yellowish | None | [102] |
C, Confirmed in one or more studies published previously; P, presumptive based on the colour of the strain reported and the crt ORFs identified; PGC, genome contains a putative photosynthesis gene cluster – production of spirilloxanthin (using CrtC, CrtD and CrtF) and Bchl a from this cluster can potentially affect the colour of the host strains; T, type strain.
1, Dr Che Ok Jeon, Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea; 2, Dr Eiji Masai, Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan; 3, Dr Byung-Yong Kim, ChunLab, Inc., Republic of Korea; 4, Dr Qiang Zheng, Xiamen University, People's Republic of China; 5, Dr Yuji Nagata, Tohoku University, Japan.