Table 5.
Potential Future Therapies in Fibrotic Lung Diseases
| Medication | Mechanism of Action | Fibrotic Lung Disease | Current Trial Status | Clinical Trial Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cotrimoxazole | Antimicrobial | IPF | Phase 3 | NCT01777737 |
| FG-3019 | Antibody to connective tissue growth factor that blocks TGF-β-mediated pulmonary fibrosis | IPF | Phase 2 | NCT01262001 |
| GSK2126458 | Phosphoinositol kinase PI3K inhibitor | IPF | Phase 2 | NCT01725139 |
| Inhaled carbon monoxide | Potential reduction in the circulating levels of the enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 7 | IPF | Phase 2 | NCT01214187 |
| IW001 | Targets anti-Col (V)-mediated autoimmune processes | IPF | Phase 1 | NCT01199887 |
| Lebrikizumab | Anti-IL-13 antibody that antagonizes fibroblast collagen production and differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts | IPF | Phase 2 | NCT01872689 |
| Nandrolone decanoate | Targets the androgen receptors in telomere-related IPF | IPF | Phase 2 | NCT02055456 |
| PRM-151 | Recombinant pentraxin-2 | IPF | Phase 2 | NCT02550873 |
| Rituximab | Reduction of autoantibody levels by B-lymphocyte depletion | IPF | Phase 2 | NCT01969409 |
| Sirolimus | Reduction of circulating fibrocytes by inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin | IPF | Phase 2 | NCT01462006 |
| STX-100 | Humanized monoclonal antibody that targets TGF-β1 pathway | IPF | Phase 2 | NCT01371305 |
| TD139 | Galectin-3 inhibition | IPF | Phase 1/2 | NCT02257177 |
| Thalidomide | Antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory effects may attenuate pulmonary fibrosis | IPF | Phase 2 | NCT00162760 |
| Mesenchymal stem cells (placental/allogeneic/autologous) | Antiproliferative, immunomodulatory, and antiinflammatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells | IPF | Phase 1/2 | NCT01385644/NCT02135380 |
| Pirfenidone | Possible inhibition of TGF-β and TNF-α | cHP | Phase 2/3 | NCT02496182 |
| Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | Immunomodulatory effect of intravenously transplanted allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | CTD-ILD/IPF | Phase 1/2 | NCT02594839/NCT02013700 |
| Nintedanib | Kinase inhibitor; inhibition of VEGFR 1-3, FGFR 1-3, PDGFR α and β | SSc-ILD | Phase 3 | NCT02597933 |
| Pirfenidone | Possible inhibition of TGF-β and TNF-α | SSc-ILD | Phase 2 | NCT01933334 |
| Pomalidomide (CC-4047) | Antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory effects may attenuate pulmonary fibrosis | SSc-ILD | Phase 2 | NCT01559129 |
Ongoing clinical trial information from Clinicaltrials.gov, correct as of May 2016.
cHP = chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis; CTD-ILD = connective tissue disease interstitial lung disease; IPF = idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; SSc-ILD = systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease; TGF-β = transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α. See Table 1 legend for expansion of other abbreviations.