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. 2018 May 30;10:8. doi: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00008

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Copyright © 2018 Widman, Stewart, Erb, Gardner and McMahon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ketamine is quickly eliminated from brain following intravenous (IV) injection. (A) Ketamine is detected in hippocampus (HPC), prefrontal cortex (PFC) and cerebellum (Cb) immediately following IV injection in the lateral tail vein. Low levels of norketamine (NK) are observed in each brain region at this timepoint (n = 6 animals). (B) Thirty minutes following IV injection, levels of ketamine are reduced and more NK is detected in each brain region (n = 5−6 animals). (C) By 3 h after IV injection, ketamine and NK are undetectable in HPC and a small amount of ketamine and NK is measured in PFC and Cb (n = 5−6 animals). All values are mean ± SEM.