Table 1.
All Rhinitis† | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control† | Rhinitis Without Wheeze† | Rhinitis With Wheeze† | ||
n = 60 | n = 62 | n = 28 | n = 34 | |
Male gender | 31 (51.67) | 42 (67.74) | 19 (67.86) | 23 (67.65) |
Presence of siblings | 37 (61.67) | 38 (61.29) | 17 (60.71) | 21 (61.76) |
Caesarean delivery | 10 (16.67) | 14 (22.58) | 5 (17.86) | 9 (26.47) |
Pre-term <37 weeks gestation | 4 (6.67) | 4 (6.45) | 2 (7.14) | 2 (5.88) |
Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis | 18 (30.51) | 22 (35.48) | 5 (17.86) | 17 (50.00) |
Postnatal antibiotics within first year | 19 (31.67) | 35 (58.33) ** | 14 (51.85) | 21 (63.64)** |
Ethnicity | ||||
Chinese | 36 (60.00) | 30 (48.39)* | 17 (60.71) | 13 (38.24)** |
Malay | 10 (16.67) | 21 (33.87)* | 8 (28.57) | 13 (38.24)* |
Indian | 8 (13.33) | 11 (17.74) | 3 (10.71) | 8 (23.53) |
Maternal history | ||||
Any of three atopic diseases | 12 (20.34) | 23 (39.66)* | 11 (40.74) | 12 (38.71)* |
Rhinitis | 6 (10.17) | 13 (22.41) | 4 (14.81) | 9 (29.03)* |
Eczema | 3 (5.08) | 11 (18.97)* | 7 (25.93)* | 4 (12.90) |
Asthma | 7 (11.86) | 9 (15.52) | 2 (7.41) | 7 (22.58) |
Paternal History | ||||
Any of three atopic diseases | 18 (30.51) | 25 (43.10) | 16 (59.26)* | 9 (29.03) |
Rhinitis | 11 (18.64) | 13 (22.41) | 10 (37.04)* | 3 (9.68) |
Eczema | 3 (5.08) | 7 (12.07) | 5 (18.52)* | 2 (6.45) |
Asthma | 8 (13.56) | 10 (17.24) | 4 (14.81) | 6 (19.35) |
Infant care attendance within first year | 7 (15.56) | 6 (17.65) | 2 (10.53) | 4 (26.67)* |
Exclusive breastfeeding till month 6 | 10 (16.67) | 8 (12.90) | 7 (25.00) | 1 (2.94) |
Eczema symptoms | 6 (10.00) | 19 (30.65)** | 9 (32.14)** | 10 (29.41)* |
Allergen sensitization | ||||
Any of six tested allergens | 4 (7.02) | 13 (23.21)* | 7 (28.00)* | 6 (19.35) |
Egg | 1 (1.75) | 4 (7.14) | 3 (12.00) | 1 (3.23) |
Milk | 0 (0.00) | 3 (5.36) | 1 (4.00) | 2 (6.45) |
Peanut | 0 (0.00) | 4 (7.14) | 3 (12.00)* | 1 (3.23) |
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus | 3 (5.26) | 10 (17.86) | 6 (24.00)* | 4 (12.90) |
Dermatophagoides farina | 3 (5.26) | 5 (8.93) | 3 (12.00) | 2 (6.45) |
Blomia tropicalis | 0 (0.00) | 2 (3.57) | 2 (8.00) | 0 (0.00) |
significant at p<0.05 compared to healthy group in univariate analysis.
significant at p<0.01 compared to healthy group in univariate analysis.
Some variables had subjects with missing data.