Table 1.

Summary of studies reporting unicondylar and bicondylar Hoffa fractures.

Authors	Cases	Surgical Approach	Fixation Method	Postoperative Treatment	Outcomes	Complications
Holmes et al13	5: 2 lateral, 3 medial	MPPA or LPPA	3.5mm AP parallel screws	Limited WB initially, full WB at 10 weeks. Unrestricted ROM exercise regiment	Mean Knee Society Score: 173 (160-180).	None
Manfredini et al7	19 distal femur fractures: 6 Hoffa injuries	Medial or lateral incision	–	Articulated splint for mean 25 days. CPM after 96 hours post-op. WB at 70 days.	–	–
Miyamoto et al22	1 medial + ipsilateral femoral shaft fracture	–	2 3.5mm cortical screws applied AP	ROM exercises from day 1 post-op. Non-WB till 6 weeks	Percutaneous case: ROM 0º to 100º. Revised open case: 0º to 110º.	Revision for open case due to fracture displacement
Lewis et al10	7 lateral	Direct lateral between ITB and B. Femoris or MPPA	2 non-paralle PTCS. Small + large fragment screws	2 week extended cylinder cast	Non-operative: 1-Fair. Operative: 2 good, 3 fair.	None
Sahu et al28	22: 6 bilateral unicondylar, 7 bicondylar, 8 supracondylar	Medial or lateral incision	Reduction and Fixation using K wires and screws	Touch-down WB started 2nd day post-op.	–	1 case each of malunion, delayed union, knee stiffness, arthritis, ligament laxity
Kone et al26	1: Bilateral medial condylar	Nonoperative: Immobilization of knees for 4 weeks. Physiotheraphy at 6weeks	–	–	Excellent with normal flexion. Absence of laxity or pain	–
Agarwal et al19	1: Bicondylar	Lateral incision	Revisional reconstruction with small fragment screws and LISS-DF device	Unrestricted active or passive movements+touch WB encouraged	ROM from 10º to 100º	–

WB: Weight Bearing.

MPPA/LPPA: Medial/Lateral parapatellar approach.

LISS-DF: Less Invasive Stabilisation System–—Distal Femur; Synthes.

ITB: Iliotibial Band.