. 2018 Apr 7;265(6):1381–1392. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-8850-7

Table 3.

Cognitive trajectories in MAPT, GRN, bvFTD and nfvPPA converters, and non-converters

Domain test	MAPT converters (n = 5)			GRN converters (n = 3)			bvFTD converters (n = 6)			nfvPPA converters (n = 2)			Non-converters (= 38)
Domain test	Baseline	β	p	Baseline	β	p	Baseline	β	p	Baseline	β	p	Baseline	β	p
Language	0.1 ± 0.7	− 0.028	< 0.001^a	0.6 ± 0.2	− 0.007	0.299	0.1 ± 0.7	− 0.025	< 0.001^a	0.6 ± 0.2	− 0.014	0.061	0.1 ± 0.6	0.002	0.408
BNT	54.3 ± 6.9	− 0.239	< 0.001^a	57.5 ± 2.1	− 0.019	0.604	54.3 ± 6.9	− 0.224	< 0.001^a	57.5 ± 2.1	− 0.033	0.396	54.2 ± 4.2	− 0.001	0.960
SAT	27.0 ± 1.4	− 0.040	0.034	28.0 ± 1.4	0.006	0.805	27.0 ± 1.4	− 0.036	0.052	28.0 ± 1.4	0.000	0.993	27.7 ± 2.0	0.013	0.127
ScreeLing phonology	24.0 ± 0.0	0.002	0.617	24.0 ± 0.0	− 0.011	0.114	24.0 ± 0.0	0.004	0.358	24.0 ± 0.0	− 0.017	0.018	23.8 ± 0.4	− 0.002	0.551
Categorical fluency	25.8 ± 4.6	− 0.250	< 0.001^a	28.0 ± 2.8	− 0.149	0.022	25.8 ± 4.6	− 0.237	< 0.001^a	28.0 ± 2.8	− 0.170	0.015	24.0 ± 6.3	0.014	0.546
Attention and mental processing speed	0.3 ± 0.6	− 0.010	0.006	0.2 ± 0.3	− 0.013	0.005	0.3 ± 0.6	− 0.010	0.004	0.2 ± 0.3	− 0.013	0.006	0.1 ± 0.8	− 0.001	0.321
TMT part A^b	20.0 ± 6.3	0.067	0.448	25.0 ± 8.5	0.073	0.539	20.0 ± 6.3	0.065	0.449	25.0 ± 8.5	0.090	0.483	31.1 ± 11.8	0.051	0.181
Stroop card I^b	44.0 ± 5.2	0.101	0.030	46.5 ± 6.4	0.058	0.349	44.0 ± 5.2	0.106	0.020	46.5 ± 6.4	0.044	0.503	44.4 ± 8.9	− 0.020	0.345
Stroop card II^b	58.5 ± 7.6	0.331	< 0.001^a	56.5 ± 0.7	0.186	0.006	57.5 ± 7.6	0.319	< 0.001^a	56.5 ± 0.7	0.194	0.008	58.8 ± 12.9	− 0.032	0.217
Digit Span forwards	9.5 ± 1.7	0.010	0.609	9.0 ± 0.0	− 0.038	0.146	9.5 ± 1.7	0.010	0.601	9.0 ± 0.0	− 0.043	0.119	9.3 ± 2.6	− 0.013	0.088
LDST	34.8 ± 6.7	− 0.100	0.012	35.0 ± 0.0	− 0.061	0.235	34.8 ± 6.7	− 0.098	0.011	35.0 ± 0.0	− 0.061	0.270	33.3 ± 6.9	0.004	0.809
Executive function	0.6 ± 0.4	− 0.018	< 0.001^a	0.6 ± 0.1	− 0.032	<0.001	0.6 ± 0.4	− 0.020	< 0.001	0.6 ± 0.1	− 0.029	< 0.001^a	0.2 ± 0.8	− 0.001	0.515
TMT part B^b	57.0 ± 27.0	0.472	0.038	48.0 ± 32.5	1.448	<0.001 ^a	57.0 ± 27.0	0.684	0.006	48.0 ± 32.5	0.921	0.010	71.2 ± 40.4	− 0.132	0.195
Stroop card III^b	87.5 ± 23.4	0.468	< 0.001^a	86.5 ± 7.8	0.734	<0.001 ^a	87.5 ± 23.4	0.449	< 0.001^a	86.5 ± 7.8	0.815	< 0.001^a	93.7 ± 24.8	− 0.026	0.577
Digit span backwards	8.0 ± 1.4	− 0.018	0.284	5.5 ± 0.7	− 0.039	0.082	8.0 ± 1.4	− 0.022	0.186	5.5 ± 0.7	− 0.033	0.172	6.5 ± 2.0	− 0.003	0.721
WCST concepts	6.0 ± 0.0	− 0.015	0.193	6.0 ± 0.0	− 0.040	0.007	6.0 ± 0.0	− 0.021	0.073	6.0 ± 0.0	− 0.032	0.035	5.7 ± 0.8	− 0.006	0.323
Letter fluency	35.8 ± 7.9	− 0.143	0.101	45.5 ± 17.7	− 0.328	0.010	35.8 ± 7.9	− 0.156	0.066	45.5 ± 17.7	− 0.339	0.013	37.9 ± 13.0	− 0.048	0.245
Similarities	29.0 ± 1.2	− 0.151	< 0.001^a	29.0 ± 1.4	− 0.175	<0.001 ^a	29.0 ± 1.2	− 0.155	< 0.001^a	29.0 ± 1.4	− 0.175	< 0.001^a	25.5 ± 4.0	0.004	0.775
Social cognition	0.0 ± 1.0	− 0.022	< 0.001^a	0.8 ± 0.1	− 0.012	0.127	0.0 ± 1.0	− 0.021	< 0.001^a	0.8 ± 0.1	− 0.016	0.071	0.3 ± 0.7	− 0.002	0.336
Happé ToM	12.3 ± 5.1	− 0.096	0.002 ^a	13.5 ± 2.1	0.017	0.672	12.3 ± 5.1	− 0.078	0.012	13.5 ± 2.1	− 0.019	0.669	12.8 ± 3.0	− 0.012	0.380
Happé non-Tom	12.3 ± 2.4	− 0.067	0.010	15.5 ± 0.7	− 0.041	0.215	12.3 ± 2.4	− 0.060	0.016	15.5 ± 0.7	− 0.062	0.080	12.8 ± 2.7	− 0.012	0.267
Ekman faces	43.5 ± 6.1	− 0.089	0.023	50.0 ± 0.0	− 0.175	0.001 ^a	43.5 ± 6.1	− 0.118	0.003	50.0 ± 0.0	− 0.127	0.024	47.3 ± 5.4	− 0.001	0.965
Memory	− 1.0 ± 2.0	− 0.050	< 0.001^a	0.7 ± 0.8	0.002	0.751	− 1.0 ± 2.0	− 0.044	< 0.001^a	0.7 ± 0.8	− 0.005	0.525	0.2 ± 0.8	− 0.002	0.473
VAT	10.0 ± 2.4	− 0.030	0.005	12.0 ± 0.0	0.004	0.675	10.0 ± 2.4	− 0.027	0.011	12.0 ± 0.0	0.000	0.983	11.6 ± 0.8	− 0.002	0.705
RAVLT imm. recall	42.5 ± 9.1	− 0.241	0.001 ^a	54.5 ± 19.1	− 0.111	0.226	42.5 ± 9.1	− 0.210	0.003	54.5 ± 19.1	− 0.177	0.067	46.7 ± 10.0	− 0.009	0.797
RAVLT del. recall	7.5 ± 5.5	− 0.085	< 0.001^a	10.5 ± 5.0	0.002	0.951	7.5 ± 5.5	− 0.080	< 0.001^a	10.5 ± 5.0	− 0.002	0.954	9.7 ± 3.2	− 0.009	0.359
RAVLT recognition	27.3 ± 3.1	− 0.037	0.005	30.0 ± 0.0	− 0.014	0.266	27.3 ± 3.1	− 0.036	0.004	30.0 ± 0.0	− 0.014	0.308	29.3 ± 1.1	− 0.009	0.461
Visuoconstruction	0.2 ± 0.8	− 0.009	0.217	0.2 ± 0.2	− 0.010	0.312	0.2 ± 0.8	− 0.008	0.250	0.2 ± 0.2	− 0.013	0.237	− 0.1 ± 1.0	0.000	0.895
Block design	51.0 ± 27.1	− 0.222	0.064	32.0 ± 1.4	− 0.148	0.333	51.0 ± 27.1	− 0.235	0.042	32.0 ± 1.4	− 0.109	0.503	37.1 ± 18.5	− 0.006	0.898
Clock drawing	11.8 ± 2.1	− 0.002	0.876	13.5 ± 0.7	− 0.014	0.459	11.8 ± 2.1	− 0.001	0.966	13.5 ± 0.7	− 0.023	0.281	12.3 ± 1.6	0.001	0.888

Values indicate: mean ± standard deviation; β represents estimate of change over time. Composite domain scores are z-scores, individual test scores are raw scores. Composite domain scores are expressed as z-scores, the individual test scores are raw scores. p values represent comparisons to non-converters. Significant comparisons are displayed in bold

MAPT microtubule-associated protein tau, GRN progranulin, bvFTD behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, nfvPPA non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia, BNT Boston Naming Test, SAT semantic association test, TMT Trail making Test, WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, LDST letter digit, substitution test, WCST Wisconsin card sorting test, ToM theory of mind, VAT visual association test, RAVLT Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, imm immediate, del delayed

^aSurvived Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons

^bHigher scores and β weights indicate worse performance