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. 2018 May 31;12:345. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00345

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Copyright © 2018 Trujeque-Ramos, Castillo-Rolón, Galarraga, Tapia, Arenas-López, Mihailescu and Hernández-López.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Insulin decreases the firing frequency evoked by depolarizing current injection. (A) Current clamp recordings in control (top) and insulin (500 nM, bottom) showing the response to a depolarizing current injection of 255 pA. Note that following insulin incubation, the frequency of action potential is decreased (bottom trace). (B) Current-frequency relationship in control and insulin conditions (top) (n = 5). (C) Current clamp recordings in control (top) and insulin plus gabazine (GBZ, bottom). Insulin has no effect on the firing frequency in the presence of gabazine (n = 6) (bottom trace). (D) Current-frequency relationship of control (filled circles and insulin plus gabazine (empty circles, top). (E) Phase-plot analysis of the action potential for both conditions. Control (black line); gabazine (SR) plus insulin (red line). (F) Typical PFC pyramidal neuron labeled with biocytin. The inset shows the recording site (black dot).