Table 3.
Measurement of the robustness of phocid humeri, adapted from Muizon & Bond [71]. The robustness R is calculated as the ratio of l/L or (l1 + l2 + l3 + l4)/L, with l1 = maximum transverse width of the proximal epiphysis, l2 = minimum transverse width of the diaphysis, l3 = maximum transverse width of the distal epiphysis, l4 = maximum anteroposterior width of the diaphysis at the level of the deltoid tuberosity; L = maximum length of the humerus. Measurements with an asterisk are estimations. Measurements in mm. Sources provided for measurements retrieved from the literature. Measurements by Koretsky [2] represent averages of multiple specimens.
| taxon | l1 | l2 | l3 | l4 | l | L | R = l/L |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acrophoca longirostris [71] | 65.0 | 26.2 | 53.0 | 57.5 | 201.7 | 154 | 1.309 |
| 64.6 | 26.4 | 54.8 | 51.0 | 201.5 | 155 | 1.300 | |
| 62.0 | 27.6 | 55.5 | 51.2 | 196.3 | 153 | 1.283 | |
| 63.0 | 28.0 | 53.2 | 51.0 | 195.2 | 144.6 | 1.349 | |
| 62.0 | 26.2 | 51.7 | 52.5 | 192.4 | 145.7 | 1.320 | |
| 61.0 | 30.0 | 51.0 | 54.0 | 196.0 | 146.0 | 1.340 | |
| Cryptophoca maeotica [2] | 34.2 | 14.5 | 37.0 | 33.5 | 119.2 | 107.1 | 1.113 |
| Halichoerus grypus | 50.9 | 25.3 | 52.7 | 40.9 | 169.8 | 124.4 | 1.365 |
| 56.8 | 24.2 | 58.4 | 41.2 | 180.6 | 134.5 | 1.343 | |
| Homiphoca capensis [71] | 62.8 | 25.0 | 51.5 | 53.5 | 192.8 | 136.4 | 1.413 |
| 55.1 | 20.7 | 45.7 | 46.5 | 168.0 | 119.4 | 1.407 | |
| Hydrurga leptonyx [71] | 75.3 | 36.6 | 64.3 | 76.5 | 252.7 | 166.0 | 1.522 |
| 78.0 | 34.0 | 67.0 | 90.0 | 269.0 | 168.0 | 1.601 | |
| Leptonychotes weddellii [71] | 59.7 | 26.0 | 58.3 | 58.7 | 202.7 | 139.7 | 1.450 |
| 66.0 | 26.0 | 59.0 | 65.0 | 216.0 | 154.0 | 1.402 | |
| Leptophoca proxima | 38.0 | 14.4 | 38.0 | 37.3 | 127.7 | 131.7 | 0.970 |
| Lobodon carcinophaga [71] | 67.4 | 27.0 | 57.0 | 63.5 | 214.9 | 132.3 | 1.624 |
| 65.0 | 32.7 | 62.0 | 69.7 | 227.5 | 124.0 | 1.826 | |
| 59.0 | 29.0 | 55.0 | 59.0 | 202.0 | 119.0 | 1.697 | |
| Mirounga leonina [71] | 130.0 | 60.0 | 130.0 | 133.0 | 453.0 | 290.0 | 1.562 |
| Monachus monachus [71] | 61.0 | 26.7 | 58.4 | 56.0 | 202.1 | 144.0 | 1.403 |
| Nanophoca vitulinoides [9] | 27.5 | 9.8 | 24.0 | 20.0 | 81.3 | 72.4 | 1.123 |
| 28.1 | 9.5 | 26.6 | 20.8 | 85.0 | 78.2 | 1.087 | |
| Phoca vitulina | 48.5 | 18.0 | 41.5 | 36.2 | 144.2 | 110.4 | 1.306 |
| 49.9 | 18.8 | 44.2 | 36.4 | 149.3 | 122.9 | 1.215 | |
| Phocanella pumila | 45.7 | 15.8 | 47.1 | 39.9 | 148.5 | 127.8 | 1.162 |
| Piscophoca pacifica [71] | 64.1 | 28.0 | 55.5 | 63.2 | 211.2 | 148.9 | 1.418 |
| 64.5 | 30.3 | 62.0 | 63.6 | 220.4 | 160.8 | 1.370 | |
| Praepusa vindobonensis [2] | 27.6 | 10.6 | 25.6 | 24.2 | 88.0 | 86.3 | 1.020 |
| Properiptychus argentinus [71] | 58.8 | 18.4 | 40.7 | 40.0* | 157.9 | 125.9 | 1.254 |
| 46.0 | 18.0 | 42.0 | 40.0 | 146 | 120.9 | 1.207 | |
| Pusa sibirica | 36.6 | 12.6 | 36.1 | 24.8 | 110.1 | 91.4 | 1.205 |
| 43.1 | 15.4 | 42.4 | 32.7 | 133.6 | 103.1 | 1.296 | |
| Frisiphoca aberratum | 48.3 | 22.0 | 53.4 | 51.0* | 174.7 | 142.5 | 1.226 |