Figure 5.

Direct detection of MS2 in spiked PBS, lake water (LW), pond water (PW), and wastewater (WW) without RNA extraction. (A) gLAMP counts, (B) time to detection in in-tube real-time LAMP, and (C) Cq values in RT-qPCR. Error bars represent standard errors of the means. Different letters indicate significant differences at the p < 0.05 level according to one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey’s post-hoc test. MS2 was spiked at the concentration of 2 × 10³ to 2 × 10⁴ PFU/mL, equaling 10–100 plaque-forming units per reaction.