Table 2.
Secondary outcome parameters
| Secondary outcome parameters | Nicotine replacement therapy (N = 21) | Control group (N = 26) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| ICU length of stay (h), median (IQR) | |||
| Day 30 | 186 (127 to 278) | 246 (88 to 694) | 0.41 |
| Day 90 | 186 (127 to 278) | 246 (88 to 694) | 0.392 |
| Hospital length of stay (h), median (IQR) | |||
| Day 30 | 313 (226 to 528) | 408 (220 to 720) | 0.356 |
| Day 90 | 313 (226 to 528) | 408 (220 to 885) | 0.369 |
| Mechanical ventilation-free hours at day 30, median (IQR) | 559 (494 to 605) | 515 (135 to 606) | 0.152 |
| Mechanical ventilation > 48 h, n (%) | 17 (81) | 20 (77) | – |
| Only non-invasive ventilation, n (%) | 2 (10) | 1 (4) | – |
| Nosocomial infections, n (%) | 7 (24) | 22 (76) | 0.285 |
| Hours with delirium, median (IQR) | 8 (0 to 44) | 16 (0 to 86) | 0.152 |
| RASS score, median (IQR) | − 1.0 (− 2.1 to − 0.2) | − 1.3 (− 2.3 to − 0.7) | 0.266 |
| Highest score | 1 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | 0.615 |
| Lowest score | − 4 (− 5 to − 2.5) | − 5 (− 5 to − 4) | 0.132 |
| Outside optimal range (h) | 40 (0 to 64) | 48 (14 to 122) | 0.202 |
| Physical restraint (h), median (IQR) | 12.0 (0 to 85.5) | 44.5 (0 to 123) | 0.417 |
| Self-removed devices, n (%) | |||
| Self-extubations | 1 (20) | 4 (80) | 0.245 |
| Catheters | 24 (40) | 36 (60) | 0.886 |
| Total dose of haloperidol (mg), median (IQR) | 9 (0 to 24.5) | 19.5 (3.25 to 31) | 0.185 |
| Serious adverse events, n | 4 | 11 | 0.129 |
| Adverse events, n | |||
| Electrolyte disturbances | 36 | 49 | |
| Gastrointestinal | 27 | 40 | |
| Cardiovascular | 16 | 43 | |
| Arrhythmia | 5 | 19 | |
| Hypo-/hypertension | 10 | 18 | |
| Cardiac ischaemia | 1 | 5 | |
| Elevated cardiac enzymes | 0 | 1 | |
| Pulmonary | 5 | 8 | |
| Renal | 1 | 6 | |
| Othersa | 17 | 31 | |
| Total adverse events, n (%) | 102 (37) | 177 (63) | 0.096 |
NRT nicotine replacement therapy, RASS Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale, mg milligram, h hours, catheters are urinary and vascular catheters and nasogastric tubes
aOthers: fever, fungal infection, sinusitis, allergic reaction, skin lesion, subcutaneous emphysema, thrombocytopenia, anaemia, pancytopenia, bleeding, hypo-/hyperthermia, hypothyroidism, ICU-acquired weakness, hypoventilation (hypercapnia), hemiplegia, anxiety