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. 2018 Jun 4;6:e4911. doi: 10.7717/peerj.4911

Figure 1. AGE-RAGE signaling can activate ERK1/2 signaling and downstream pro-inflammatory transcription factors.

Figure 1

The advanced glycation end-product (AGE)—AGE receptor (RAGE) pathway can be activated by the binding of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) like S100B (S100 calcium-binding protein B) and HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1 protein) from dying cells, or AGEs, derived from oxidized proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. RAGE can signal through the MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling transduction proteins like Raf (MAPK kinase kinase), MEK1 (MAPK kinase), ERK1/2 (Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase), leading to the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of key transcription factors like Ets1, Jun and NFAT5 (Nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5).