Table 1. Demographic and clinical profiles of cases and controls.
| Control | Case | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 159 | 25 | |
| Age at a VFSS1, year (mean ± SD) | 72.4 ± 8.1 | 76.8 ± 7.4 | 0.0095 |
| Male, % | 39.0 | 72.0 | 0.0026 |
| Disease duration, year (mean ± SD) | 8.4 ± 5.5 | 10.0 ± 6.1 | 0.25 |
| UPDRS-32 score (mean ± SD) | 26.8 ± 11.1 | 38.0 ± 10.9 | <0.0015 |
| Hoehn-Yahr stage 4–5, % | 28.9 | 64.0 | 0.0016 |
| MMSE3 ≤24, % | 34.9 | 86.4 | <0.0016 |
| BMI4 (mean ± SD) | 20.9 ± 3.5 | 19.3 ± 3.4 | 0.045 |
| Serum albumin, g/dl (mean ± SD) | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | <0.0015 |
| Patients consuming processed diets, % | 39.0 | 72.0 | 0.0026 |
1 Video-fluoroscopic Swallowing Study
2 the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale part III motor score
3 Mini Mental State Examination, missing values in 16 patients (13 in control and 3 in case)
4 Body Mass Index
5 P value from Mann–Whitney test
6 P value from Fisher’s exact test