Table 2. Crude odds ratio of each VFSS parameter for the development of aspiration pneumonia.

Parameter	Positive in control, n (%)	Positive in case, n (%)	Odds Ratio	95% CI (lower limit)	95% CI (upper limit)	P value
Oral phase
Pre-swallow anterior spill	1 (1)	0 (0)	0.99	0.98	1.01	1.00
Lingual pumping	54 (34)	9 (36)	0.25	0.03	1.90	0.21
Poor velopharyngeal closure	23 (14)	1 (4)	0.25	0.03	1.90	0.21
Swallow hesitancy	27 (17)	11 (44)	3.84	1.58	9.37	0.006
Piecemeal deglutition	52 (33)	14 (56)	2.62	1.11	6.17	0.04
Lip closure	1 (1)	1 (4)	6.58	0.40	108.79	0.25
Mastication	4 (3)	18 (72)	99.64	26.57	373.70	<0.001
Lingual motility prior to transfer	5 (3)	13 (52)	33.37	10.18	109.35	<0.001
Bolus formation	10 (6)	17 (68)	31.66	11.01	91.07	<0.001
Premature bolus loss	8 (5)	4 (16)	3.60	0.996	12.98	0.06
Palatal elevation	7 (17)	15 (60)	7.33	2.98	18.05	<0.001
Poor bolus propulsion	5 (3)	12 (48)	28.43	8.68	93.17	<0.001
Residue in the oral cavity	95 (60)	22 (88)	4.94	1.42	17.20	0.007
Pharyngeal phase
Triggering of pharyngeal swallow	0 (0)	2 (8)	1.09	0.97	1.22	0.02
Vallecular residue	7 (4)	13 (52)	23.52	7.90	70.02	<0.001
Laryngeal elevation	38 (24)	18 (72)	8.19	3.18	21.09	<0.001
Pyriform sinus residue	24 (15)	15 (60)	8.44	3.40	20.97	<0.001
Reduced epiglottal tilt	12 (8)	5 (20)	5.43	1.57	18.74	0.01
Coating of pharyngeal wall	12 (8)	10 (40)	8.17	3.03	22.05	<0.001
Repeated swallowing	19 (12)	15 (60)	11.05	4.35	28.09	<0.001
Aspiration	2 (1)	4 (16)	14.95	2.58	86.69	0.003
Cricopharyngeal dysfunction	8 (5)	5 (20)	4.72	1.41	15.84	0.02
Timed parameters
Oral transit time	15 (9)	7 (28)	3.73	1.34	10.38	0.02
Pharyngeal transit time	14 (9)	9 (36)	5.83	2.18	15.58	0.001
Pharyngeal delay time	17 (11)	9 (36)	4.70	1.80	12.26	0.003
Total swallow time	24 (15)	18 (72)	14.46	5.46	38.35	<0.001