Table 3. Changes in behavioral characteristics at 24 months by study group.
Control group | Intervention group | Relative risk* (95% CI) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n/N [percent]) | (n/N [percent]) | |||
≥5 servings of fruit and vegetables/daya | ||||
Baseline | 77/507 (15.2) | 68/500 (13.6) | 0.90 (0.63 to 1.28) | 0.56 |
24 months | 41/482 (8.5) | 67/482 (13.9) | 1.83 (1.17 to 2.84) | 0.008 |
Physically active (leisure time)b | ||||
Baseline | 107/507 (21.1) | 102/500 (20.4) | 0.94 (0.67 to 1.33) | 0.73 |
24 months | 87/482 (18.1) | 101/482 (21.0) | 1.20 (0.81 to 1.79) | 0.36 |
Current tobacco usec | ||||
Baseline | 92/507 (18.2) | 102/500 (20.4) | 1.12 (0.81 to 1.55) | 0.50 |
24 months | 80/482 (16.6) | 72/482 (14.9) | 0.79 (0.60 to 1.05) | 0.11 |
Current alcohol used | ||||
Baseline | 97/507 (19.1) | 114/500 (22.8) | 1.19 (0.87 to 1.62) | 0.29 |
24 months | 88/482 (18.3) | 81/482 (16.8) | 0.77 (0.62 to 0.95) | 0.018 |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Difference† (95% CI) | P value | |
Standard drinks of alcohol (per drinking occasion)e | ||||
Baseline | 0.20 (0.44) | 0.23 (0.43) | 0.028 (−0.032 to 0.088) | 0.36 |
24 months | 0.18 (0.39) | 0.17 (0.37) | −0.044 (−0.083 to −0.004) | 0.030 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation.
* Generalized estimating equations was used to estimate the relative risk (and 95% CI).
† Mixed-effects linear regression was used to estimate the difference in mean change between study groups.
a One serving of fruit equals a medium-sized fruit or two small-sized fruits or half a glass of fruit juice or a bowl of grapes. One serving of vegetables (excludes tubers) equals 80 grams.
b Self-reported history of moderate or vigorous physical activities during leisure time performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes’ duration.
c Smoking or use of smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco and snuff) in the past 30 days.
d Consumed an alcoholic drink (spirits, wine, beer or toddy [palm wine]) in the past 30 days.
e One standard drink of alcohol refers to 30 ml of spirits, 120 ml of wine, 285 ml of beer, or 285 ml of toddy (palm wine).