Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants with or without aortic valve calcification (SESSA, Shiga, Japan, 2006–08 at baseline).
| Variables | Overall n = 938 |
Without AVC n = 765 |
With AVC n = 173 |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 63.7 (9.9) | 62.2 (10.0) | 70.6 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.5 (3.0) | 23.4 (3.0) | 23.7 (3.1) | 0.334 |
| Smoking status, % | 0.787 | |||
| Current | 32.5 | 32.8 | 31.2 | |
| Former | 49.6 | 49.7 | 49.1 | |
| Pack-year smoking | 24.0 (5.0, 43.8) | 24.0 (5.0, 43.0) | 26.4 (7.5, 47.5) | 0.312 |
| Alcohol drinker, % | 77.6 | 78.6 | 73.4 | 0.087 |
| Education year, years | 12.5 (3.1) | 12.7 (3.0) | 11.7 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 53.0 | 49.3 | 69.4 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 135.8 (18.7) | 134.3 (18.6) | 142.2 (17.7) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 79.5 (10.9) | 79.6 (11.0) | 79.2 (10.6) | 0.695 |
| Anti-hypertensive medications, % | 28.4 | 25.5 | 41.0 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 20.4 | 18.8 | 27.2 | 0.014 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 102.2 (21.1) | 101.8 (20.3) | 104.4 (24.2) | 0.135 |
| Anti-diabetic medications, % | 9.3 | 7.7 | 16.2 | 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 125.3 (31.2) | 124.4 (30.3) | 129.2 (34.7) | 0.069 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 59.0 (16.9) | 59.4 (17.1) | 57.1 (15.9) | 0.103 |
| Lipid-lowering therapy, % | 12.4 | 10.7 | 19.7 | 0.001 |
| Daily steps | 7999.2 (3151.2) | 8204.5 (3084.6) | 7091.5 (3289.0) | <0.001 |
| Glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 75.6 (15.6) | 77.5 (15.0) | 67.1 (15.3) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0.44 (0.21, 0.89) | 0.42 (0.20, 0.83) | 0.58 (0.26, 1.14) | 0.004 |
| Serum magnesium, mg/dL | 1.98 (0.18) | 1.99 (0.17) | 1.95 (0.20) | 0.012 |
| Serum phosphorus, mg/dL | 3.12 (0.36) | 3.10 (0.36) | 3.17 (0.38) | 0.037 |
| Serum calcium, mg/dL | 8.74 (0.28) | 8.72 (0.28) | 8.84 (0.29) | <0.001 |
| Baseline AVC score | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 37.1 (12.4, 118.1) | <0.001 |
The prevalence of AVC was defined as AVC score >0. Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation), median (25th, 75th), or percentage. Calcium levels were corrected for serum albumin concentration. Differences in characteristics were evaluated using the unpaired Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, or χ2 test.
AVC, aortic valve calcification; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SESSA, Shiga Epidemiological Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis.