Table 3.
Serum magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium levels and incidence of aortic valve calcification (SESSA, Shiga, Japan, 2006–08 at baseline and 2010–2014 at follow-up)
| Tertiles of serum micronutrients (n = 596) | p for trend | 1-SD higher | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| T1 | T2 | T3 | |||
| Magnesium (mg/dL) | |||||
| Median (range) | 1.8 (1.3–1.8) | 2.0 (1.9–2.0) | 2.1 (2.1–2.5) | ||
| no. of event / total | 29 / 111 | 65 / 271 | 44 / 214 | ||
| Model 1, RR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.95 (0.66–1.38) | 0.79 (0.53–1.17) | 0.189 | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) |
| Model 2, RR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.90 (0.64–1.29) | 0.66 (0.45–0.97)a | 0.022 | 0.86 (0.75–0.98)a |
| Model 3, RR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.84 (0.59–1.20) | 0.62 (0.42–0.92)a | 0.012 | 0.85 (0.74–0.97)a |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | |||||
| Median (range) | 2.7 (1.7–2.8) | 3.0 (2.9–3.1) | 3.4 (3.2–4.4) | ||
| no. of event / total | 25 / 148 | 46 / 197 | 67 / 251 | ||
| Model 1, RR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.38 (0.89–2.13) | 1.72 (1.15–2.59)b | 0.006 | 1.21 (1.05–1.39)b |
| Model 2, RR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.41 (0.91–2.17) | 1.76 (1.16–2.65)b | 0.005 | 1.22 (1.06–1.40)b |
| Model 3, RR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.41 (0.92–2.18) | 1.93 (1.28–2.91)b | 0.001 | 1.25 (1.10–1.42)b |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | |||||
| Median (range) | 8.4 (7.8–8.5) | 8.7 (8.6–8.8) | 8.9 (8.9–9.6) | ||
| no. of event / total | 39 / 198 | 38 / 193 | 61 / 205 | ||
| Model 1, RR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.88 (0.59–1.30) | 1.19 (0.85–1.67) | 0.261 | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) |
| Model 2, RR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.81 (0.55–1.18) | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) | 0.560 | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) |
| Model 3, RR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.79 (0.54–1.14) | 1.09 (0.77–1.55) | 0.496 | 1.08 (0.93–1.26) |
The incidence of AVC was defined as detectable AVC (AVC score >0) at follow–up among those with no AVC (AVC score = 0) at baseline. Calcium levels were corrected for serum albumin concentration. Model 1 was adjusted for age. Model 2 was adjusted for age, pack-year smoking, drinking habit, daily steps, body mass index, and glomerular filtration rate. Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 plus hypertension, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipid lowering therapy, diabetes mellitus, and C-reactive protein. CT–type and follow–up duration were also included as covariates in all models.
p value: a < 0.05; b < 0.01; c < 0.001.
CI, confidence interval; CT, computed tomography; RR, relative risk; SD, standard deviation; other abbreviations are shown in Table 1.