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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 7.
Published in final edited form as: Biosurf Biotribol. 2016 Nov 17;2(4):121–136. doi: 10.1016/j.bsbt.2016.11.001

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

The stratgies of heparin immobilization via the PDA coating layer. a) Reaction scheme to prepare the heparin-dopamine conjugate. Adapted and reproduced from Ref. [67]. b) Schematics of the PDA-mediated, one-step surface immobilization of multiple biomolecules. Adapted and reproduced from Ref. [68]. c) Schematics of the PDA-assisted, one-step deposition of poly (ethylene imine) (PEI) for further heparin immobilization. Adapted and reproduced from Ref. [71]. d) Fluorescent images of EC/SMC co-culture, cell attachment number, and attachment ratio of EC/SMC showing the immobilized heparin via the PDA-assisted PEI deposition layer with substrate topography synergistically promoted competitive attachment of ECs over SMCs. TiO2: the pristine titanium dioxide substrate. PEI/PDA: PDA-assisted PEI coating on the TiO2 substrate. Hep-PEI/PDA: heparin immobilized onto PEI/PDA. Statistically significant differences are marked as follows: * vs. TiO2; # vs. Hep-PEI/PDA; * or # for p < 0.05; *** or ### for p < 0.001. Adapted and reproduced from Ref. [72].