The cumulative effect of ROS over time. ROS accumulation, oxidative stress and the imbalance of the normal redox state increases exponentially with age, accompanied by a marked decline of the cell repair machinery. Note that, despite only depicting the general stress response pathways, a typical Golgi pathway has yet to be described. Nonetheless, multiple stress factors may influence gene expression in the nucleus and cell homeostasis via alterations in the function of the Golgi apparatus (Kourtis and Tavernarakis, 2011). The figure was partly created using Servier medical art image bank (Servier, France).