Table 4.

Psychological age-related changes.

Measured variable	Observations	Refs.
Speech production	Speech production problems and reduced speech rate increased with aging	Soros et al. (2011)
Alterations in sleep patterns	Older individuals reported higher number of awakenings and modifications in sleep duration.	Crowley (2011), Feinberg et al. (1967)
Long-term depression	Individuals age 65+ showed increased incidence of depression	Roblin (2015)
Cognitive decline	Cognitive decline was found to be almost universal in the general elderly population and increases with age.	Park et al. (2003), Schönknecht et al. (2005)
Cognitive processing speed	Processing speed decreases with age	Eckert (2011)
Cognitive executive functions	Executive functions (e.g., planning), decreased with age	Glisky (2007)
Subjective memory	Normal aging found to be accompanied by memory impairment	Gazzaley et al. (2005)
Visual memory	Interaction of deficits in inhibition and processing speed was found to contribute to age-related cognitive impairment	Gazzaley et al. (2008)
Verbal memory	Age-related differences were found in 8 verbal span tasks	Bopp and Verhaeghen (2005)
Long-term potentiation	Greater and longer stimulation was necessary for long-term potentiation in older subjects	Kumar (2011)