Time window of the neuroprotective effect of capsaicin. (A) Intracortical injection of capsaicin (cap, 1 nmol) 0.5 or 1 h after reperfusion reduced the cerebral infarct volume of MCAO/reperfusion rats. n = 5–11. veh, vehicle. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests. (B) Intracortical injection of capsaicin (1 nmol) 1 h after reperfusion improved the neurological scoring of MCAO/reperfusion rats. n = 6–12. **p < 0.01, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests.