Capsaicin treatment attenuates glutamate-induced excitotoxic injury in cultured cortical neurons. (A) Capsaicin (cap, 3 and 10 μM) pretreatment for 30 min significantly reduced glutamate (Glu, 50 μM, plus 10 μM glycine)-induced LDH release in cultured cortical neurons. Amount of LDH released in the vehicle (veh) group was normalized to 100%. Top panel: Timeline of the drug treatment and LDH assay. n = 6–8, ***p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test. (B) Capsaicin (3 μM) treatment together with glutamate reduced the amount of LDH released in the culture medium. Amount of LDH released in the vehicle group was normalized to 100%. n = 6–8, *p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test.