TABLE 1. Comparison of Available Enabling Wireless Technologies.
| IoT technology | Frequency of operation (EU/US) | Data rate | Upper operating range | Typical transmit power | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [35] | LoRa | 868/915MHz | 50kbps | 25Km | 14dBm |
| [36] | Sigfox | 868/915MHz | 300bps | 50Km | 14dBm |
| [37] | Bluetooth 4 | 2.4GHz | 1Mbps | 0.1Km | 0/4/10dBm |
| [38] | Bluetooth 5 | 2.4GHz | 2Mbps (125Kbps for PHY) | 0.25Km (0.8Km for PHY) | 0/4/10/20dBm |
| [39] | ZigBee | 2.4GHz | 250kbps | 10–100m | 12dBm |
| [40] | 4G | 800, 1800, 2600MHz | 12Mbps | 10Km | 23dBm |
| [41] | 5G | Lower bands | 3.6Gbps | 10Km | 23dBm |
| [41] | 5G | Higher bands | 10Gbps | <1Km | 23dBm |
| [42] | NB-IoT (NB1) | 900MHz | 250 kbps | 35km | 20/23dBm |
| [43] | Z-Wave Alliance | 900MHz | 9.6/40/100kbps | 30m | 0dBm |
| [44] | Wi-Fi | 2.4GHz and 5GHz | 802.11(b) 11M; (g) 54M; (n) 0.6, (Gac) 1Gbps | 50m | 15dBm |
| [45] | NFC | 13.56MHz | 100–420kbps | 10cm | 23dBm (NF) |
| [46] | EC-GSM | 900MHz | 140kbps | 100Km | 20/23dBm |
| [42] | LTE-M (M1) | 700, 1450 – 2200, 5400MHz | 0.144Mbps | 35km | 20/23dBm |