Table 3.
Non-ocular pain conditions by dry eye (DE) status (mild or greater DE symptoms, DEQ5≥6, versus no symptoms,DEQ5<6)
| No DE symptoms (n=139) |
Mild or greater DE symptoms (n=94) |
OR | CI | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary central sensitization* | |||||
| Back pain, n (%) | 24 (17%) | 32 (34%) | 2.47 | 1.34–4.56 | <0.001 |
| Muscle pain, n (%) | 10 (7%) | 25 (27%) | 4.63 | 2.10–10.22 | <0.001 |
| Headaches, n (%) | 25 (18%) | 30 (32%) | 2.14 | 1.16–3.95 | 0.02 |
| Tendonitis, n (%) | 7 (5%) | 5 (5%) | 1.06 | 0.33–3.44 | 0.92 |
| Trigeminal neuralgia, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | -- | -- | 1.00 |
| TMJ pain, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (6%) | -- | -- | 1.00 |
| Fibromyalgia, n (%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1.48 | 0.09–24.02 | 0.78 |
| Migraines, n (%) | 18 (13%) | 19 (20%) | 1.70 | 0.84–3.45 | 0.14 |
| Secondary central sensitization* | |||||
| Arthritis, n (%) | 5 (4%) | 18 (19%) | 6.34 | 2.27–17.78 | <0.001 |
| Chronic postsurgical pain, n (%) | 5 (4%) | 6 (6%) | 1.83 | 0.54–6.17 | 0.33 |
| Diabetic neuropathy, n (%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1.48 | 0.09–24.02 | 0.78 |
| Sciatica, n (%) | 8 (6%) | 5 (5%) | 0.92 | 0.29–2.90 | 0.89 |
| Burn pain, n (%) | 1 (1%) | 3 (3%) | 4.52 | 0.46–44.10 | 0.20 |
OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; DEQ5, dry eye questionnaire 5; TMJ, temporomandibular joint pain
*
Classification from Yunus MB. Editorial review: an update on central sensitivity syndromes and the issues of nosology and psychobiology. CurrRheumatol Rev 2015;11:70–85.