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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Apr 3;187:180–194. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.03.009

Fig. 4. Potential EV research in DILI and ALD.

Fig. 4

The in vitro and in vivo studies have clearly demonstrated that circulating EVs and their cargos may have been used as potential biomarkers for identifying liver disease and in monitoring host responses to various treatments. EVs can also modulate cellular functions and activate different pathways in recipient cells, which then contribute to the initiation, progression and pathogenesis of different liver diseases. In contrast, EVs particularly from stem cells can be exploited for their therapeutic potentials as novel treatments against various liver diseases.