Table 3.
Results summary: additional socioeconomic status indicators
| Year | Name | Design | Country | n | Age | CRF | Measure | Association | Direction | p value | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic indicator: composite SES index | |||||||||||
| 2014 | Shmueli et al. [50] | Cross-sectional | IL (TAMCIS) | Total 3854 | 20–80 | CRF in METS treadmill Protocol: Standardized (Bruce) |
β | CRF increases with SES | + |
p < .05 p trend < .001 |
63% |
| 1998 | MacAuley et al. [128] | Cross-sectional | IE (NIHAS) | Total 528 | 16–74 | VO2max (mL/kg∙min) treadmill Protocol: Individual |
Mean + SD | No association | Ø | NS | 71% |
| 2013 | Finger et al. [52] | Cross-sectional | DE (DEGS) | Male 1371 female 1441 |
18–64 | High CRF (top 40% of PWC75% dist.) cycle Protocol: Standardized (WHO) |
OR | CRF increases with SES (f) | + | p < .001 | 96% |
| Socioeconomic indicator: residential area SES | |||||||||||
| 2016 | Lindgren et al. [53] | Cross-sectional | S (SCAPIS) | Total 592 | 50–64 | VO2max (mL/kg∙min) cycle Protocol: Standardized (SCAPIS) |
median + (IQR) | Median fitness increases with area SES | + | p < .05 | 57% |
| 2008 | Shishehbor et al. [54] | Cross-sectional | US (CARDIA) | Total 2505 | 25–42 | Impaired CRF in METs (lowest quintile per gender) treadmill Protocol: Standardized (modified Balke) |
OR | Lower odds of low fitness in high SES areas | + | p trend < .001 | 63% |
| Socioeconomic indicator: occupation | |||||||||||
| 1996 | Lakka et al. [41] | CRF cross-sectional | FIN (KIHD) | Male 1907 | 42–60 | VO2max (l/min) cycle Protocol: Individual |
mean + SD | Higher mean fitness among white collar than blue collar workers and farmers | + | p < .001 | 66% |
| 2014 | Shmueli et al. [50] | Cross-sectional | IL (TAMCIS) | Total 3854 | 20–80 | CRF in METS treadmill Protocol: Standardized (Bruce) |
β | Fitness mean difference increases with occupation skill | + |
p < .05 p trend < .001 |
63% |
| Socioeconomic indicator: income | |||||||||||
| 1996 | Lakka et al. [41] | CRF cross-sectional | FIN (KIHD) | Male 1907 | 42–60 | VO2max(l/min) cycle Protocol: Individual |
Mean + SD | Positive gradient | + | p < .001 | 66% |
| 2014 | Shmueli et al. [50] | Cross-sectional | IL (TAMCIS) | Total 3854 | 20–80 | CRF in METS treadmill Protocol: Standardized (Bruce) |
β | No Association | Ø | NS | 63% |
| Socioeconomic indicator: employment status | |||||||||||
| 1996 | Lakka et al. [41] | CRF cross-sectional | FIN (KIHD) | Male 2280 | 42–60 | VO2max (l/min) cycle Protocol: Individual |
Mean + SD | Higher mean fitness when employed | + | p < .001 | 66% |