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. 2018 Jun 7;8:8726. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27034-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Vessel growth in three dimensions. Evolution of a vascular system with an initial capillary at the center and randomly distributed hypoxic cells (green spheres), sources of VEGF, which drive the ECs chemotactic response. Four time points are represented. The first row of images corresponds to the results for the model under the Rule 1, while the bottom row to Rule 2. We clearly observe a higher density of vessels in the simulation with Rule 1.