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. 2018 Jun 7;8:8720. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26978-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic of proposed mechanism of photothermal therapy (PTT) action against tumor cells. PTT kills tumor cells mainly through necroptosis and apoptosis when the induced temperature reaches around 46 °C. Necrotic pathway is the major mechanistic pathway for PTT killing tumor cells at a higher temperature (49 °C). In contrast, most of tumor cells will survive when the induced temperature is lower than 43 °C. Error bars represent the standard deviation of 3 experiments (n = 3 per group/experiment).