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. 2018 May 22;9:1018. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01018

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic overview of the relation between microbiota, the intestinal immune system, and the peripheral immune system. Luminal microbiota and other products are continuously sampled and processed by the intestinal immune system. This could be done by specialized cells in the Peyer’s Patches (PP), microfold (M) cells, which transfer antigen to local dendritic cells (DCs). DC can present the antigen to T cells either in the PP or in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Alternatively, DC in the lamina propria sample antigen in the intestinal lumen and present antigen to T cells in the MLN (24, 25). T cells, which have recognized the antigen in the MLN, have access to the peripheral immune system and may affect the peripheral immune system (25). Moreover, metabolites produced by microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), can also affect the peripheral immune system (26, 27).