Table 1.

Overall goals and evidence-based design guidelines

OVERALL GOALS	EVIDENCE-BASED DESIGN GUIDELINES	WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?	DESIGN STRATEGIES	DESIGN ELEMENTS EVALUATED
Optimize the ability to change over time
	Incorporate plug and play system	Increase adaptability 1	Flexible furnishings Prefabricated wall/ceiling systems and modules	CN workstation
	Employ a flexible room/suite chassis	Increase adaptability of OR and suite 1	Room zoning/planning	Parallel processing
Optimize sustainable strategies
	Incorporate plug and play system	Expand life cycle	Flexible furnishings Prefabricated wall/ceiling systems and modules	CN workstation Parallel processing
	Employ a flexible room/suite chassis	Expand life cycle of OR and suite Reduce waste in construction and renovation	Room zoning/planning	Parallel processing
Optimize clinical outcomes and health and safety
	Plan the OR to optimize movement and flow	Reduce door openings 2 Reduce flow disruptions and distraction 3 Reduce risk of infection 4	Establish clear functional room zoning Parallel processing Locate adequate storage in convenient locations within the OR	Doors Storage CN workstation Anesthesia workstation Surgery Sidedness Parallel processing
	Provide integrated digital information displays in multiple locations	Enhance safety 5 Enhance situational awareness 6	Built-in modular displays	Displays
	Incorporate plug and play system	Decrease tripping hazards 7 Enhance staff performance 8	Flexible furnishings Prefabricated wall/ceiling systems and modules	CN workstation Parallel processing
Optimize positive experience for all users
	Provide integrated digital information displays	Enhance teamwork and communication 9		Displays
	Plan the OR to optimize movement and flow	Decrease unnecessary movement 10	Establish clear functional room Zoning Parallel processing Locate adequate and storage in convenient locations within the OR	Doors Storage CN workstation Anesthesia workstation Surgery Sidedness Parallel processing
Optimize efficiency and effectiveness
	Plan the OR to optimize movement and flow	Reduce costs 11 Reduce travel time 12 Enhance throughput and turnaround 13	Establish clear functional room Zoning Parallel processing Locate adequate storage in convenient locations within the OR	Doors Storage CN workstation Anesthesia workstation Surgery Sidedness Parallel processing
	Provide integrated digital information displays in multiple locations	Enhance teamwork and communication 14	Built-in Modular displays	Displays

¹Allison et al., 2015; Kelts, McMains, Chen, & Weitzel, 2015

²Panahi, Stroh, Casper, Parvizi, & Austin, 2012

³Ahmad et al., 2016; Broom, Capek, Carachi, Akeroyd, & Hilditch, 2011; Elbardissi & Sundt, 2012

⁴Beldi, Bisch-Knaden, Banz, Muhlemann, & Candinas, 2009; Chauveaux, 2015

⁵Rostenberg & Barach, 2011

⁶Sanderson, Watson, & Russell, 2005

⁷Matern & Koneczy, 2007; Patkin, 2003

⁸Matern & Koneczy, 2007; Patkin, 2003; Watkins et al., 2011

⁹Moss & Xiao, 2004; Van Det et al., 2009

¹⁰Panahi et al., 2012; Patkin, 2003; Watkins et al., 2011

¹¹Marjamaa, Torkki, Hirvensalo, & Kirvela, 2009; Pelly, Zeallear, Reed, & Martin, 2013; Sandberg et al., 2005

¹²Panahi et al., 2012

¹³Pelly et al., 2013; Sandberg et al., 2005; Torkki, Marjamaa, Torkki, Kallio, & Kirvela, 2005

¹⁴Rostenberg & Barach, 2011