Figure 2.

Dynamic response of tumor cells to fluid shear stress (FSS) related to cell survival. FSS targets bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and integrin, and then accelerates the process of G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell death. On one hand, FSS upregulates BMPRIB, activating the Smad1/5/p38 MAPK signaling pathway, enhancing cleavage caspase-3 or LC3B-I and further promotes apoptosis or autophagy. On the other hand, FSS increases the levels of reactive oxygen species in tumor cells and directly induces tumor cell death. Moreover, FSS activated Smad1/5, causing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and inhibiting cell differentiation.