Table 2.
Long-term effects of exercise on fatigue and physical activity among colon and breast cancer patients
| Baseline | Baseline to 4 years post-intervention | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Within-group differences | Between-group differences | |||||
| Mean | SD | Mean [95% CI] | Mean [95% CI] | Effect size | ||
| Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) | ||||||
| General fatigue | I | 10.24 | 4.92 | −0.41 [−1.52, 0.71] | −0.38 [−1.63, 0.86] | 0.08 |
| UC | 10.67 | 4.80 | −0.63 [− 1.81, 0.56] | Reference | ||
| Physical fatigue | I | 9.92 | 5.12 | −1.00 [−2.17, 0.18] | − 1.13 [−2.45, 0.20] | 0.22 |
| UC | 10.54 | 5.01 | −0.55 [−1.79, 0.70] | Reference | ||
| Mental fatigue | I | 9.77 | 5.33 | −0.23 [−1.40, 0.94] | − 0.30 [− 1.64, 1.05] | 0.06 |
| UC | 9.96 | 5.20 | −0.24 [−1.48, 1.00] | Reference | ||
| Reduced activity | I | 8.18 | 4.11 | −0.38 [−1.28, 0.53] | − 0.17 [− 1.23, 0.90] | 0.04 |
| UC | 8.91 | 4.02 | −0.98 [−1.94, –0.02]* | Reference | ||
| Reduced motivation | I | 8.36 | 5.51 | 0.72 [−0.41, 1.85] | −0.18 [− 1.15, 0.79] | 0.03 |
| UC | 9.17 | 5.83 | 0.40 [−0.81, 1.61] | Reference | ||
| Short Questionnaire of Assess Health-enhancing physical activity (SQUASH) | ||||||
| Total physical activity | I UC |
583.91 627.31 |
658.73 637.11 |
43.22 [− 102.13, 188.57] − 143.77 [− 298.43, 10.89] |
141.46 [1.31, 281.61]* Reference |
0.22 |
| Sport and leisure physical activity | I UC |
220.08 227.34 |
269.27 259.91 |
85.18 [30.65, 139.72]* 54.67 [−3.75, 113.09] |
20.41 [−45.54, 86.36] Reference |
0.08 |
I exercise intervention group, UC usual care group, SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval
*Statistically significant (p < 0.05)
Between-group effects were assessed using mixed models including the measurements obtained at 18 and 36 weeks and 4 years, adjusted for the value of the outcome variable at baseline as well as for stratification factors: age, radiotherapy, hospital, and tumor site. Within-group effects were assessed using mixed models including the measurements obtained at baseline, 18 and 36 weeks, and 4 years, adjusted for stratification factors: age, radiotherapy, hospital, and tumor site
Baseline results and within-group differences were based on participants having baseline measurements. Between-group differences were based on participants having measurements at 18 weeks, 36 weeks, or 4 years