Table 2.
Methods used by the studies included in the review
| Benefits | Costs | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Disease area | Perspective | Time horizon | Effectiveness estimate source(s) | Discount rate | Costing approach(es)a | Discount rate | Modelling method(s)b | Sensitivity analyses |
| By whom care is provided | |||||||||
| Long et al. (2011) [18] | HIV | Provider | 1 yr | Observational study | NR | Bottom-up | NR | Arithmetic | Deterministic |
| Barton et al. (2013) [19] | HIV | Provider | 1 yr | RCT | 0% | Mixed | 0% | Arithmetic | Deterministic |
| Marseille et al. (2014) [26] | HIV | Provider | 20 yrs | Previous modelling study | 3% | Bottom-up | NR | Arithmetic | NR |
| Khan et al. (2002) [33] | TB | Societal | < 1 yr | RCT | NR | Mixed | NR | NR | NR |
| Islam et al. (2002) [28] | TB | NR | 1 yr | Observational study | NR | Bottom-up | 5% | Arithmetic | NR |
| do Prado et al. (2011) [39] | TB | Societal | < 1 yr | Observational study | NR | Bottom-up | NR | Arithmetic | NR |
| Prinja et al. (2014) [40] | Obstetric care | Provider | 1 yr | NR | NR | Bottom-up | 3% | Arithmetic | NR |
| Gaziano et al. (2014) [29] | CVD | NR | 3.5 yrs | Previous observational and RCT studies | NR | Bottom-up | NR | Markov model | Probabilistic and deterministic |
| Saokaew et al. (2013) [30] | Patients receiving warfarin | Provider + societal | Lifetime | Observational study and previous evidence | 3% | Mixed | 3% | Markov model | Probabilistic and deterministic |
| Buttorff et al. (2012) [31] | Mental health | NR | 1 yr | RCT | NR | Mixed | 0% | Arithmetic | Probabilistic and deterministic |
| Jayaraman et al. (2009) [32] | Emergency care | NR | 3 yrs | Observational study | NR | NR | NR | Arithmetic/previous study | NR |
| To whom care is provided | |||||||||
| Brooker et al. (2008) [52] | Helminthiasis | Government | 3 yrs | Observational study | NR | Bottom-up | 3% | Arithmetic | Deterministic |
| Lo et al. (2015) [53] | Helminthiasis | NR | 15 yrs | Previous observational studies | 3% | Previous studies and assumptions | 3% | Dynamic transmission model | Probabilistic and deterministic |
| Where care is provided | |||||||||
| Babigumira et al. (2009) [20] | HIV | Provider | 10 yrs | Observational study | NR | Mixed | NR | Decision tree | Probabilistic and deterministic |
| Babigumira et al. (2011) [21] | HIV | Societal | 1 yr | Assumptions | 3% | Previous studies, mixed, and assumptions | 3% | Decision tree and Markov model | Deterministic |
| Mulogo et al. (2013) [22] | HIV | Provider | NR | Observational study | NR | Bottom-up | 3% | Decision tree | Deterministic |
| Bassett et al. (2014) [23] | HIV | Societal | 2 yrs | Previous observational studies | 3% | Results from previous studies | 3% | Simulated patient-level Markov model (CEPAC-I) | Deterministic |
| Smith et al. (2015) [24] | HIV | Provider | 10 yrs | Assumptions, field studies | 0% | Mixed | 3% | Discrete event simulation | Deterministic |
| Tabana et al. (2015) [25] | HIV | Provider | < 1 yr | RCT | NR | Bottom-up | 3% | Arithmetic | Deterministic |
| Chanda et al. (2011) [34] | Malaria | Provider | NR | Observation study | NR | Bottom-up | 5% | Arithmetic | NR |
| Kahn et al. (2012) [35] | HIV, Malaria, Diarrhoea | NR | Lifetime | Observation study | NR | Top-down | NR | Arithmetic | Probabilistic and deterministic |
| Marseille et al. (2014) [41] | HIV, Malaria, Diarrhoea | Provider | 3 yrs | Previous observational studies | 3% | Previous studies and assumptions | 3% | Arithmetic | Probabilistic and deterministic |
| Jafar et al. (2011) [36] | Blood pressure | Societal | 2 yrs | RCT | 5% | Bottom-up | 5% | Arithmetic | Probabilistic and deterministic |
| Chen et al. (2012) [37] | Orthopaedic surgery | Provider | Lifetime | Observational study | 3% | Mixed | 3% | Arithmetic | NR |
| Pitt et al. (2016) [38] | Obstetric care | Provider | 1 yr | RCT | 3% | Bottom-up | 3% | Arithmetic | Deterministic and probabilistic |
| Quality and safety | |||||||||
| Goodman et al. (2006) [42] | Malaria | Provider | 1 yr | Observational study | NR | Bottom-up | 3% | Decision tree | Deterministic |
| Vella et al. (2011) [27] | HIV | Provider | 10 yrs | Observational study | 3% | Bottom-up | 3% | Decision tree | Probabilistic |
| Barasa et al. (2012) [43] | All | Provider | 1.5 yrs | RCT | 3% | Mixed | 3% | Arithmetic | Probabilistic and deterministic |
| Curry et al. (2013) [44] | All | NR | (i) 15 yrs. (ii) 5 yrs |
Observational study | 3% | NR | 3% | Multiple models (LiST, DemProj, AIM) | Deterministic |
| Broughton et al. (2011) [45] | Pneumonia | Provider | 2 yrs | Observational study | 3% | Bottom-up | NR | Decision tree | Probabilistic |
| Clark et al. (2012) [46] | Emergency care | NR | < 1 yr | Observational study | NR | Bottom-up | NR | Arithmetic | NR |
| Alfonso et al. (2015) [47] | Obstetric care | Societal + provider | Lifetime | Observational study | 3% | Bottom-up | NR | Decision tree and LiST | Deterministic |
| Manasyan et al. (2011) [48] | Obstetric care | NR | NR | Observational study | NR | Bottom-up | NR | Arithmetic | NR |
| Prinja et al. (2016) [49] | Child health | Societal + provider | 15 yrs | RCT | 3% | Bottom-up | 3% | Decision tree | Probabilistic and deterministic |
| Information and communication technology | |||||||||
| Li et al. (2012) [50] | All | Provider | 6 yrs | Observational study | 10% | Bottom up and previous studies | 10% | Arithmetic | Deterministic |
| Anchala et al. (2015) [51] | Blood pressure | Societal | 1 yr | RCT | NR | Bottom up | 3% | Arithmetic | Deterministic |
ANC = antenatal care; DOTS = directly observed treatment; NR = not reported;
Shading separates disease groups
a’Bottom-up’ costing refers to any micro-costing or ‘ingredients-based’ approaches, ‘top-down’ refers to macro-costing or activity-based approaches, and ‘mixed’ is a combination of both
bMethod of determining primary result. ‘Arithmetic’ refers to any approach that calculates ICER or equivalent using only basic arithmetic and does not use a model