Table 2.
Intrapartum factors
| Variable | N | n | % | Median (IQR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of labour | ||||
| Length of first stage | 520 | 255 (269) | ||
| Length of second stage | 522 | 21 (38) | ||
| Length of third stage | 522 | 11 (9) | ||
| Perineal Injury | 522 | |||
| Perineal graze | 28 | 5.4 | ||
| 1st degree perineal injury | 69 | 13.2 | ||
| 2nd degree perineal injury | 195 | 37.4 | ||
| 3rd degree perineal injury | 21 | 4 | ||
| 4th degree perineal injury | 1 | 0.2 | ||
| Labial tear/s | 60 | 11.5 | ||
| Episiotomy | 60 | 11.5 | ||
| Onset of labour induceda | 522 | 149 | 28.5 | |
| Induction methods used - PGE | 92 | 17.6 | ||
| Induction methods used - Cooks catheter | 8 | 1.5 | ||
| Induction methods used - ARM | 97 | 18.6 | ||
| Induction methods used - Syntocinon | 54 | 10.3 | ||
| Labour augmented by an ARM | 168 | 32.2 | ||
| Labour augmented with syntocinon | 69 | 13.2 | ||
| Pain Relief | 522 | |||
| Pharmacological pain relief - epidural | 125 | 23.9 | ||
| Pharmacological pain relief - spinal | 1 | 0.2 | ||
| Pharmacological pain relief - nitrous | 319 | 61.1 | ||
| Pharmacological pain relief - morphine | 57 | 10.9 | ||
| Pharmacological pain relief - pethidine | 4 | 0.8 | ||
| Pharmacological pain relief - caudal | 1 | 0.2 | ||
| Complications | 522 | |||
| Complications arising during labour | 185 | 35.4 | ||
| Complications during labour - Failure to progress | 6 | 1.1 | ||
| Complications during labour - Precipitate labour | 13 | 2.5 | ||
| Complications during labour - Shoulder dystocia | 5 | 1 | ||
| Complications during labour - Failed Vacuum | 5 | 1 | ||
| Complications during labour - Maternal temperature | 4 | 0.8 | ||
| Complications during labour - Meconium Liquor | 69 | 13.2 | ||
| Complications during labour - Fetal distress | 42 | 8 | ||
| Complications during labour - Gestational hypertension | 6 | 1.1 | ||
| Complications during labour - Pre-eclampsia | 5 | 1 | ||
| Complications during labour - Abruption | 4 | 0.8 | ||
| Complications during labour - Intrapartum Haemorrhage | 3 | 0.6 | ||
| Complications during labour - Cord entanglement | 3 | 0.6 | ||
| Complications during labour - Prolonged second stage | 46 | 8.8 | ||
| Complications during labour - HELLP | 0 | 0 | ||
| Complications during labour - Eclampsia | 0 | 0 | ||
| Complications during labour - Cord prolapse | 0 | 0 | ||
| Complications during labour - Failure forceps | 0 | 0 | ||
| Maternal position at birth | 515 | |||
| Upright (all fours, standing, squatting, kneeling, birth stool, lateral) | 183 | 35.5 | ||
| Non-upright (semi-recumbent, supine, lithotomy) | 278 | 54 | ||
| Other or unknown | 54 | 10.5 | ||
| Placental position | 520 | |||
| Anterior | 265 | 51 | ||
| Posterior | 214 | 41.2 | ||
| Fundal | 20 | 3.8 | ||
| Low-lying | 3 | 0.6 | ||
| Unknown | 18 | 3.5 | ||
| Presentation at birth | 522 | |||
| Vertex | 521 | 99.8 | ||
| Breech | 1 | 0.2 | ||
| Who conducted the birth? | 522 | |||
| Midwife (registered midwife, student midwife, or midwife supervised) | 407 | 78 | ||
| Doctor (JHO, obstetrician, JHO) | 115 | 22 | ||
| Baby separated from mother within first hour after birth | 522 | 75 | 14.4 | |
| Congenital abnormality at birth | 522 | 3 | 0.6 | |
| Born alive or still | 522 | 519 | 99.4 |
atotal of induction methods is greater than “yes” for onset of labour induced as more than one method may have been used