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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 8.
Published in final edited form as: Panminerva Med. 2017 Jan 13;59(2):188–196. doi: 10.23736/S0031-0808.17.03299-2

Table 1.

Selected studies of residual kidney function and/or residual urine output and outcomes in dialysis patients.

Author (Year) Study Population (N) Exposure Findings
Bargman et al. (2001)33 PD patients
(CANUSA study)		 RKF
UOP

  • Each 5L/week per 1.73m2 ↑ in RKF associated with a 12% ↓ in mortality.

  • Each 250ml ↑ in UOP associated with a 36% ↓ in mortality.
Shemin et al. (2001)36 114 prospective HD patients RKF defined as renal urea clearance and renal creatinine clearance

  • Each 1ml/min/1.73m2 ↑ in baseline RKF associated with a 56% ↓ in death risk.
Paniagua et al. (2002)35 PD patients
(ADEMEX trial)		 RKF

  • Each 10L/week per 1.73m2 ↑ in RKF associated with an 11% ↓ in mortality
Termorshuizen et al. (2004)37 740 incident HD patients
(NECOSAD cohort)		 RKF defined as renal Kt/V urea

  • Each 1 unit ↑ in renal Kt/V urea associated with 66% ↓ in death risk.
Vilar et al. (2009)23 650 incident HD patients RKF defined as renal urea clearance

  • RKF associated with ↑ survival at 6, 12, and 24 months follow-up.
Shafi et al. (2010)32 734 incident HD patients
(CHOICE cohort)		 UOP

  • Baseline UOP associated with ↑ quality of life, ↑ cognition, ↓ inflammation, and ↓ ESA use

  • Preservation of UOP (>250ml/day) after 1 year was associated with ↓ all-cause mortality and a trend towards ↓ cardiovascular mortality.
Van der Wal et al. (2011)38 1191 incident HD patients & 609 incident PD patients
(NECOSAD cohort)		 RKF defined as mean of renal urea and creatinine clearance

  • Complete loss of RKF associated with 1.5-fold ↑ mortality vs. patients with RKF.

  • No significant difference in effect of RKF between PD and HD patients.
Obi et al. (2016)34 6538 incident HD patients from an LDO RKF defined as renal urea clearance
UOP

  • Gradient association between lower renal urea clearance and urine volume 1 year after HD initiation and higher mortality risk.

  • Gradient association between decline in renal urea clearance and urine volume after 1 year following HD initiation and higher mortality risk.

Abbreviations: PD, peritoneal dialysis; CANUSA, Canada-USA; RKF, residual kidney function; UOP, urine output; ADEMEX, Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis in Mexico; HD, hemodialysis; NECOSAD, Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis; CHOICE, Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for End-Stage Renal Disease; ESA, erythropoietin-stimulating agent; LDO, large dialysis organization.