Table II.
KS antibodies and the epitopes they identify illustrate KS structural complexity
| Antibody | Epitope identified | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| EMCA-2, 3¶ | Mucin core antigens, mucin-like polylactosamine | Aplin et al. (1998), Dixon et al. (1993) |
| TRA-1-60 | Epitope sensitive to neuraminidase, keratanase-I, II and endo-β-d-galactosidase. terminal type 1 lactosamine: Galβ1–3GlcNAcβ1–3Galβ1–4GlcNAc and Galβ1–3GlcNAcβ1–3Galβ1–4GlcNAcβ1–6 (Galβ1–3GlcNAcβ1–3)Galβ1–4Glc oligosaccharide, expressed on podocalyxcin | Adewumi et al. (2007), Andrews et al. (1984), Badcock et al. (1999), Natunen et al. (2011), Schopperle and DeWolf (2007) |
| TRA-1-81 | Epitope is resistant to neuraminidase but sensitive to endo-β-d-galactosidase, keratanase-I, II. Epitope is a terminal type 1 lactosamine: Galβ1–3GlcNAcβ1–3Galβ1–4GlcNAc and Galβ1–3GlcNAcβ1–3Galβ1–4GlcNAcβ1–6(Galβ1–3GlcNAcβ1–3)Galβ1–4Glc oligosaccharide, expressed on cell surface podocalyxcin | Adewumi et al. (2007), Andrews et al. (1984), Badcock et al. (1999), Natunen et al. (2011), Schopperle and DeWolf (2007) |
| R-10G | Low sulfation KS expressed on cell surface podocalyxcin on pluripotent embryonic stem cells | Kawabe et al. (2013), Makanga et al. (2015), Nakao et al. (2017) |
| SSEA-1¶ | Cell surface glycan of murine embryonic pluripotent stem cells, epitope expressed on proteoglycan and glycoprotein core proteins and bioactive lipids | Ozawa et al. (1985b) |
| “i” antigen¶ | Human autoantibody to non-branched epitope in non-sulfated poly-N-acetyllactosamine (see Figure 1) | Feizi (1989), Feizi et al. (1979), Feizi et al. (1971), Young et al. (2007a, 2007b) |
| “I” antigen¶ | Human autoantibody to branched epitope in non-sulfated poly-N-acetyllactosamine (see Figure 1) | Feizi (1989), Feizi et al. (1979), Feizi et al. (1971), Young et al. (2007a, 2007b) |
| 4C4 | Highly sulfated KS on podocalyxcin in embryonic tumor cells | Fukuma et al. (2003) |
| 5D4 | Hexa sulfated KS octa-saccharide and a linear dodecasaccharide containing N-sulfated glucosamine | Caterson et al. (1983), Mehmet et al. (1986) |
| MZ15 | Hepta and octa-saccharide KS oligosaccharides | Mehmet et al. (1986) |
| 1B4 | Tetrasulfated hexasaccharide in linear KS | Mehmet et al. (1986) |
| 4D1 | Sulfated linear poly-N-acetyllactosamine epitope | B. Kerr PhD Thesis, University of Cardiff (2005). |
| 2D3 | Highly sulfated linear poly-N-acetyllactosamine epitope | |
| 3D12/H7 | Trisulfated fucosylated poly-N-acetyllactosamine linkage region KS chains interspersed in the CS1 and 2 region of aggrecan (see Figure 1) | Fischer et al. (1996) |
| D9B1 | A sialo-KS epitope on endometrial KSPGs | Aplin et al. (1998), Hoadley et al. (1990), Smith et al. (1989) |
| 6D2/B5 | Fucosyl-KS epitope also detects fucoidan | Baker et al. (1989) |
| SV1, SV2, SV4 | High sulfation KS chains in SV2 proteoglycan | Scranton et al. (1993), Sinouris et al. (2009) |
| EFG-11 | Tri-KS disaccharides | Papageorgakopoulou et al. (2002) |
| 122 | Highly sulfated KS | Papageorgakopoulou et al. (2002) |
| 1/14/16H9 | Specific equine KS antibody | Okumura and Fujinaga (1998), Okumura et al. (2000) |
| LC8.13 | Lesser reactivity following keratanase pretreatment | Keiser and Diamond (1987) |
| F1.2 | Conformation dependent KS epitope on aggrecan core protein, un-reactive with KS-peptides released into media | Keiser and Diamond (1987) |
| BKS-1(+) | Keratanase-generated KS stub neoepitope | Akhtar et al. (2008) |
EMCA, epithelial mucin core antigen; TRA, Trafalgar antigen, some authors also refer to this as tumor rejection antigen; SSEA. Stage specific embryonic antigen; ¶ these antibodies identify non-sulfated epitopes thus by definition these are not KS epitopes but poly-N-acetyllactosamine stretches occurring in KS.