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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 16.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Diab Rep. 2017 Aug 16;17(10):90. doi: 10.1007/s11892-017-0923-y

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Brain–gut–microbe communication in health and disease. A stable gut microbiota is essential for normal gut physiology and contributes to appropriate signaling along the brain–gut axis and to the healthy status of the individual as shown on the left hand side of the diagram. Conversely, as shown on the right hand side of the diagram, intestinal dysbiosis can adversely influence gut physiology leading to inappropriate brain–gut axis signaling and associated consequences for CNS functions and disease states. Stress at the level of the CNS can also impact on gut function and lead to perturbations of the microbiota. (Legend and figure reproduced from: Grenham S, et al. Frontiers in Physiology 2011;2:94) [17].