Table 2. Efficacy of clinically approved antiseizure drugs to block different types of seizures in acute seizure models (MES, PTZ), the amygdala kindling model, post-SE models of TLE, and patients with focal epilepsy.

Data from post-SE models are from rats in which SE was induced by either systemic pilocarpine or kainate, or electrical stimulation of the basolateral amygdala, or from mice in which SE was induced by intrahippocampal administration of kainate. Data are from Löscher.^{275, 276} Note that the kindling model correctly predicts efficacy of drugs against focal seizures, whereas the MES test is less predictive in this regard; with some exception, doses of antiseizure drugs to suppress kindled seizures are higher than those effective in the MES test. Furthermore, note the correspondence between drug effects on induced amygdala kindled seizures and spontaneously recurrent seizures in post-SE models. NE, not effective.

Drug	Antiseizure effect in rodents (rats or mice) on				Antiseizure effect on spontaneous focal seizures in patients with epilepy
	MES (generalized tonic seizures)	PTZ (generalized clonic seizures)	Amygdala kindled focal and/or secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures	Spontaneous focal and/or secondarily generalized seizures in post-SE models
Benzodiazepines	+	+	+ (but tolerance)	+	+ (but tolerance)
Brivaracetam	+	+	+		+
Carbamazepine	+	NE	+3	+	+
Eslicarbazepine acetate	+	NE	+		+
Ethosuximide	NE	+	NE	NE	NE
Felbamate	+	+	+3		+
Gabapentin	+	+	+3		+
Lacosamide	+	NE	+1		+
Lamotrigine	+	NE	+3	+2	+
Levetiracetam	NE	NE	+	+2	+
Oxcarbazepine	+	NE	+		+
Perampanel	+	+	+		+
Phenobarbital	+	+	+3	+2	+
Phenytoin	+	NE	+3	+2	+
Pregabalin	+	+	+1	+	+
Primidone	+	+	+		+
Retigabine (ezogabine)	+	+	+		+
Tiagabine	NE	+	+	+	+
Topiramate	+	NE	+3	+	+
Valproate	+	+	+3	+	+
Vigabatrin	NE	±	+3	+	+
Zonisamide	+	NE	+		+

¹In hippocampal kindled rats;

²Responders and nonresponders in post-SE models²⁷⁵;

³Responders and nonresponders in fully amygdala kindled rats²⁷⁵