Table 3.
Associations between presence of a child in the household, and other covariates, and happiness by region of Europe
| North‐Western Europe | Southern Europe | Balkans | Eastern Europe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age adjusted model | ||||
| Child in household (reference: none) | ||||
| Son(s) only | 1.10 (0.10) | 0.81 (0.11) | 1.10 (0.10) | 0.93 (0.09) |
| Daughters | 1.27 (0.20) | 1.56*** (0.27) | 1.34** (0.19) | 1.30*** (0.08) |
| Age | 1.02*** (0.00) | 1.01 (0.01) | 1.01*** (0.00) | 1.01*** (0.01) |
| Constant | 0.20*** (0.08) | 0.66 (0.44) | 0.40*** (0.11) | 0.32*** (0.11) |
| Observations | 7,160 | 2,876 | 1,718 | 6,476 |
| Fully adjusted model | ||||
| Child in household (reference: none) | ||||
| Son(s) only | 1.33*** (0.14) | 0.81 (0.12) | 1.36** (0.17) | 1.02 (0.12) |
| Daughters | 1.34* (0.21) | 1.77*** (0.34) | 1.37*** (0.13) | 1.29*** (0.101) |
| Age | 1.03*** (0.00) | 1.02** (0.01) | 1.03*** (0.01) | 1.04*** (0.01) |
| Educational level (reference: less than lower secondary education, ISCED 1) | ||||
| Lower secondary completed (ISCED 2) | 1.00 (0.14) | 1.42 (0.46) | 1.16 (0.295) | 1.26 (0.18) |
| Upper secondary completed (ISCED 3) | 1.01 (0.17) | 2.12*** (0.24) | 1.59* (0.41) | 1.40*** (0.16) |
| Postsecondary completed (ISCED 4 and 5) | 1.08 (0.15) | 2.05** (0.66) | 1.55 (0.69) | 1.64*** (0.14) |
| How often socially meet with friends, relatives, or colleagues (reference: once a month or less) | ||||
| Less than monthly to weekly | 1.46*** (0.10) | 0.97 (0.06) | 0.94 (0.08) | 1.44*** (0.08) |
| Several times a week | 2.14*** (0.18) | 1.00 (0.16) | 1.47** (0.24) | 1.62*** (0.13) |
| Every day | 2.75*** (0.27) | 1.23** (0.11) | 1.16 (0.17) | 1.67*** (0.17) |
| Anyone to discuss intimate and personal matters with (reference: no) | ||||
| Yes | 1.55*** (0.12) | 1.94*** (0.24) | 1.20** (0.10) | 1.34*** (0.08) |
| Take part in social activities compared to others of same age (reference: less than most) | ||||
| About the same | 1.22** (0.11) | 1.39*** (0.06) | 1.55*** (0.22) | 1.46*** (0.10) |
| More than most | 1.54*** (0.10) | 3.41*** (0.30) | 2.48*** (0.59) | 1.86*** (0.17) |
| Hampered in daily activities by illness–disability–infirmity (reference: yes a lot) | ||||
| Yes to some extent | 1.40*** (0.11) | 1.94*** (0.27) | 1.76*** (0.20) | 1.92*** (0.17) |
| No | 1.92*** (0.20) | 3.31*** (0.47) | 2.92*** (0.37) | 2.75*** (0.27) |
| Constant | 0.02*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.02) | 0.02*** (0.01) | 0.01*** (0.01) |
| Observations | 6,922 | 2,665 | 1,509 | 5,758 |
Note. Odds ratios with robust standard errors based on country clusters in parentheses. ISCED = International Standard Classification of Education. Source: European Social Survey Rounds 1–7.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.