Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics: Adults on probation in Rhode Island by food security status, 2016 (n = 304).
N (%) or median (IQR)a.
| All (n = 304) | High Food Security (n = 51) | Marginal Food Security (n = 39) | Low Food Security (n = 68) | Very Low Food Security (n = 146) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (19–65 years) | 36 (27, 47) | 36 (27, 47) | 34 (24, 53) | 34 (26, 49) | 36 (27, 46) |
| Male | 220 (72) | 38 (75) | 33 (85) | 45 (66) | 104 (71) |
| Race/ethnicityb | |||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 45 (15) | 7 (14) | 8 (21) | 9 (13) | 21 (14) |
| Hispanic or Latino, any race | 64 (21) | 10 (20) | 4 (10) | 17 (25) | 33 (23) |
| White, non-Hispanic | 161 (53) | 33 (65) | 21 (54) | 34 (51) | 73 (50) |
| Other | 33 (11) | 1 (2) | 6 (15) | 7 (10) | 19 (13) |
| Homeless** | 70 (23) | 4 (8) | 5 (13) | 13 (19) | 48 (33) |
| Current Time on Probation | |||||
| <1 year | 114 (38) | 20 (39) | 14 (36) | 21 (31) | 59 (40) |
| 1 year to <18 months | 39 (13) | 8 (16) | 6 (15) | 9 (13) | 16 (11) |
| 18 months to <2 years | 25 (8) | 5 (10) | 2 (5) | 4 (6) | 14 (10) |
| 2 years or more | 126 (41) | 18 (35) | 17 (44) | 34 (50) | 57 (39) |
| Education | |||||
| Less than High School/ no GED |
101 (33) | 19 (37) | 12 (31) | 22 (33) | 48 (33) |
| High School/GED | 129 (42) | 17 (33) | 18 (46) | 29 (43) | 65 (45) |
| Trade/technical school | 19 (6) | 5 (10) | 1 (3) | 6 (9) | 7 (5) |
| Some college/college degree/graduate school |
54 (18) | 10 (20) | 8 (20) | 10 (15) | 26 (17) |
| Relationship Status | |||||
| Never Married | 143 (47) | 22 (43) | 21 (54) | 35 (51) | 65 (45) |
| Married | 22 (7) | 4 (8) | 2 (5) | 3 (4) | 13 (9) |
| Divorced/Widowed | 53 (17) | 12 (24) | 4 (10) | 13 (19) | 24 (16) |
| Separated | 30 (10) | 3 (6) | 5 (13) | 2 (3) | 20 (14) |
| Living with Partner | 56 (18) | 10 (20) | 17 (18) | 15 (22) | 24 (16) |
| Children living with Participant (n = 212 have children) | 75 (25) | 16 (31) | 7 (18) | 21 (31) | 31 (21) |
| Sources of Income (all that apply) | |||||
| Full-time Job** | 66 (22) | 18 (35) | 13 (33) | 14 (21) | 21 (14) |
| Part-time Job | 58 (19) | 8 (16) | 3 (8) | 19 (28) | 28 (19) |
| SSI, Disability, VA | 89 (29) | 15 (29) | 12 (31) | 18 (26) | 44 (30) |
| Individual Annual Income | |||||
| ≤ $5000 | 133 (44) | 21 (41) | 14 (36) | 30 (44) | 68 (47) |
| $5001 to $10,000 | 59 (19) | 8 (16) | 8 (21) | 14 (21) | 29 (20) |
| $10,001 to $20,000 | 38 (13) | 5 (10) | 7 (18) | 9 (13) | 17 (12) |
| > $20,000 | 53 (17) | 14 (27) | 6 (15) | 12 (18) | 21 (14) |
| Don’t Know/Refused | 21 (7) | 3 (6) | 4 (10) | 3 (4) | 11 (7) |
| Access to Car | |||||
| Always** | 85 (28) | 25 (49) | 13 (33) | 21 (31) | 26 (18) |
| Sometimes | 102 (34) | 12 (24) | 14 (36) | 23 (34) | 53 (36) |
| Never | 117 (39) | 14 (27) | 12 (31) | 24 (35) | 67 (46) |
| SNAP Participation | 223 (73) | 33 (65) | 26 (67) | 52 (76) | 112 (77) |
| Current Smoker | |||||
| Everyday | 142 (72) | 21 (68) | 11 (61) | 29 (74) | 81 (74) |
| Some days | 39 (20) | 6 (19) | 4 (22) | 8 (21) | 21 (19) |
| Not at all | 17 (9) | 4 (13) | 3 (17) | 2 (5) | 8 (7) |
| Hazardous alcohol level | 74 (24) | 10 (20) | 7 (18) | 19 (28) | 38 (26) |
| Current marijuana use (last 30 days) | 119 (39) | 18 (35) | 12 (31) | 26 (38) | 63 (43) |
| Current drug use (last 30 days) | 58 (19) | 11 (22) | 5 (13) | 14 (21) | 28 (19) |
| Ever drug use | 189 (62) | 30 (59) | 18 (46) | 41 (60) | 100 (68) |
| IDU ever* | 54 (18) | 9 (18) | 1 (3) | 12 (18) | 32 (22) |
| Depressed*** | 169 (56) | 12 (24) | 20 (51) | 31 (46) | 106 (73) |
aIQR = Interquartile Range: 25th percentile and 75th percentile
bOther for race/ethnicity includes multiracial, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and “other”. If participants selected “other” for the response option to race, we did not have a follow-up question to determine the race. No participants reported Asian for race and one participant refused to answer the race question.
P-values determined by the chi-square test for categorical variables. P-values show the homogeneity of proportions across categories of food security
*p-value <0.05
**p-value<0.01
***p-value<0.001
GED = General Education Development (High school equivalency diploma); SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; IDU = Injection Drug Use