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. 2018 Jun 8;13(6):e0198598. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198598

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics: Adults on probation in Rhode Island by food security status, 2016 (n = 304).

N (%) or median (IQR)a.

All (n = 304) High Food Security (n = 51) Marginal Food Security (n = 39) Low Food Security (n = 68) Very Low Food Security (n = 146)
Age, years (19–65 years) 36 (27, 47) 36 (27, 47) 34 (24, 53) 34 (26, 49) 36 (27, 46)
Male 220 (72) 38 (75) 33 (85) 45 (66) 104 (71)
Race/ethnicityb
    Black, non-Hispanic 45 (15) 7 (14) 8 (21) 9 (13) 21 (14)
    Hispanic or Latino, any race 64 (21) 10 (20) 4 (10) 17 (25) 33 (23)
    White, non-Hispanic 161 (53) 33 (65) 21 (54) 34 (51) 73 (50)
    Other 33 (11) 1 (2) 6 (15) 7 (10) 19 (13)
Homeless** 70 (23) 4 (8) 5 (13) 13 (19) 48 (33)
Current Time on Probation
    <1 year 114 (38) 20 (39) 14 (36) 21 (31) 59 (40)
    1 year to <18 months 39 (13) 8 (16) 6 (15) 9 (13) 16 (11)
    18 months to <2 years 25 (8) 5 (10) 2 (5) 4 (6) 14 (10)
    2 years or more 126 (41) 18 (35) 17 (44) 34 (50) 57 (39)
Education
    Less than High School/
no GED
101 (33) 19 (37) 12 (31) 22 (33) 48 (33)
    High School/GED 129 (42) 17 (33) 18 (46) 29 (43) 65 (45)
    Trade/technical school 19 (6) 5 (10) 1 (3) 6 (9) 7 (5)
    Some college/college
degree/graduate school
54 (18) 10 (20) 8 (20) 10 (15) 26 (17)
Relationship Status
    Never Married 143 (47) 22 (43) 21 (54) 35 (51) 65 (45)
    Married 22 (7) 4 (8) 2 (5) 3 (4) 13 (9)
    Divorced/Widowed 53 (17) 12 (24) 4 (10) 13 (19) 24 (16)
    Separated 30 (10) 3 (6) 5 (13) 2 (3) 20 (14)
    Living with Partner 56 (18) 10 (20) 17 (18) 15 (22) 24 (16)
Children living with Participant (n = 212 have children) 75 (25) 16 (31) 7 (18) 21 (31) 31 (21)
Sources of Income (all that apply)
    Full-time Job** 66 (22) 18 (35) 13 (33) 14 (21) 21 (14)
    Part-time Job 58 (19) 8 (16) 3 (8) 19 (28) 28 (19)
    SSI, Disability, VA 89 (29) 15 (29) 12 (31) 18 (26) 44 (30)
Individual Annual Income
    ≤ $5000 133 (44) 21 (41) 14 (36) 30 (44) 68 (47)
    $5001 to $10,000 59 (19) 8 (16) 8 (21) 14 (21) 29 (20)
    $10,001 to $20,000 38 (13) 5 (10) 7 (18) 9 (13) 17 (12)
    > $20,000 53 (17) 14 (27) 6 (15) 12 (18) 21 (14)
    Don’t Know/Refused 21 (7) 3 (6) 4 (10) 3 (4) 11 (7)
Access to Car
    Always** 85 (28) 25 (49) 13 (33) 21 (31) 26 (18)
    Sometimes 102 (34) 12 (24) 14 (36) 23 (34) 53 (36)
    Never 117 (39) 14 (27) 12 (31) 24 (35) 67 (46)
SNAP Participation 223 (73) 33 (65) 26 (67) 52 (76) 112 (77)
Current Smoker
    Everyday 142 (72) 21 (68) 11 (61) 29 (74) 81 (74)
    Some days 39 (20) 6 (19) 4 (22) 8 (21) 21 (19)
    Not at all 17 (9) 4 (13) 3 (17) 2 (5) 8 (7)
Hazardous alcohol level 74 (24) 10 (20) 7 (18) 19 (28) 38 (26)
Current marijuana use (last 30 days) 119 (39) 18 (35) 12 (31) 26 (38) 63 (43)
Current drug use (last 30 days) 58 (19) 11 (22) 5 (13) 14 (21) 28 (19)
Ever drug use 189 (62) 30 (59) 18 (46) 41 (60) 100 (68)
IDU ever* 54 (18) 9 (18) 1 (3) 12 (18) 32 (22)
Depressed*** 169 (56) 12 (24) 20 (51) 31 (46) 106 (73)

aIQR = Interquartile Range: 25th percentile and 75th percentile

bOther for race/ethnicity includes multiracial, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and “other”. If participants selected “other” for the response option to race, we did not have a follow-up question to determine the race. No participants reported Asian for race and one participant refused to answer the race question.

P-values determined by the chi-square test for categorical variables. P-values show the homogeneity of proportions across categories of food security

*p-value <0.05

**p-value<0.01

***p-value<0.001

GED = General Education Development (High school equivalency diploma); SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; IDU = Injection Drug Use