Table 1. Data collection activities for the construction and development of the household water insecurity scale.
| Activity | Procedures | Purposes | Sample | Dates of activities |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1: Formative data collection | ||||
| A. Go-along interviews of water access and use | Participant observation and HHWIa interview. | To explore experiences of household water use, acquisition and insecurity. | Non-cohort Kenyan women, n = 20 | 06/2015-09/2015 |
| B. Photovoice (photo elicitation interviews) | Participants were briefly interviewed and lent digital cameras to take photographs of water related experiences. A second individual interview explored photographs and was followed by FGDs on most common emergent themes. | To explore experiences of household water use, acquisition, and insecurity. | Non-cohort Kenyan women, n = 20 | 07/2015-10/2015 |
| C. The Delphi Method (S1 Fig, S1 Table)b | International experts on water and food insecurity were purposively selected to achieve a range of disciplines and geographic areas and asked to participate in online iterative surveys about HHWI | To identify and build consensus on key concepts related to HHWI | Non-cohort international professionals Round 1, n = 22 Round 2, n = 17 Round 3, n = 12 |
06/2015-01/2016 |
| D. Focus group discussions (FGDs) (S1 Fig) | After each Delphi round (Activity C), convenience sampling was used to select pregnant or postpartum field experts for FGDs in Kenya | To identify and build consensus on key concepts related to HHWI | Non-cohort Kenyan women Round 1, n = 15 Round 2, n = 12 |
09/2015-11/2015 |
| Phase 2: Assembly and Revision of HHWI Scale Questions | ||||
| E. Assembly of scale questions | Compiled initial HHWI questions based on steps A-D and existing literature. | To create an initial HHWI questionnaire | n = 29 questions | 09/2015-11/2015 |
| F. Cognitive interviews | Questions from Activity E were asked, followed by probing questions | To determine if questions were understood as intended or could be improved. | Non-cohort Kenyan women, n = 10 | 11/2015 |
| Phase 3: Survey Administration at 15 & 18 months postpartum | ||||
| G. Household Water Insecurity survey module (S2 Table)c | Administered survey comprised of scale questions among mixed HIV status women | Measure HHWI in women’s daily lives | PEN cohort participants n = 241 (15mppd) n = 186 (18mpp) |
03/2016–09/2016 05/2016–10/2016 |
| H. Survey data for scale validation | Administered survey questions about time spent collecting water, the primary source of drinking water, amount of money spent purchasing water, individual food insecurity, and perceived stress | To validate HHWI scale | PEN cohort participants n = 241 (15mpp) n = 186 (18mpp) |
03/2016–09/2016 05/2016–10/2016 |
| Phase 4: Non-survey data for further validation | ||||
| I. Drinking water quality | Measured Escherichia coli concentrations using ColilertTM and Compartment Bag Test (CBT) assays | Measure water quality | PEN cohort women, n = 35 | 01/2016 |
| J. Water quantity (stored water and amount of water used) | Measured the quantity of drinking water stored and used by the household (in liters) | Measure total household drinking water stores and total household water use | PEN cohort women, n = 35 | 01/2016 |
| K. Retrospective Recall | Two exercises were conducted with a randomly selected subset of respondents. The first was administered daily for 30 days and the second administered retrospectively on the 31st day. | Data collected to assess intra-respondent reliability | PEN cohort women, n = 35 | 11/2016 |